Vocabulary exercises

I. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian and use them in the sentences of your own:

a gene mutation, a permanent change, to range in size, to occur in two ways, hereditary mutations, germ cells, after fertilization, de novo mutations, an affected child, family history of the disorder, environmental factors, an early embryo, common genetic changes, normal differences between people, the risk of developing.

II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian expressions:

послідовність ДНК, великий сегмент хромосоми, можуть бути успадкованими, набуті мутації, присутні у яйцеклітині, протягом життя людини, фактично, можуть пояснити, генетичний розлад, окремі клітини, у певний час, ультрафіолетове випромінювання, ДНК копіює себе, клітинний поділ, наступне покоління, індивід, колір очей, група крові, незважаючи на те, що.

III. Choose the pairs of antonyms:

rare, permanent, development, next, present, inherited, negative, responsible, illness, common, previous, absent, degradation, positive, acquired, irresponsible, temporary, health.

IV. Make 10 questions of your own to the text including:

- special questions;

- general questions;

- alternative questions;

- question tags.

V. Guess the word by its definition:

Example: The person who gives the tissue or organ – the donor.

1. The human product of conception up to approximately the end of the second month of pregnancy.

2. Something relating to the soma.

3. The act or process of mutating; change; alteration.

4. The occurrence of more than one form of individual in a single species.

5. The state of being bodily and mentally energetic and free from disease.

6. A male reproductive cell; male gamete.

7. A simple structure, such as a fertilized egg, that is capable of developing into a complete organism.

8. The union of male and female gametes, during sexual reproduction, to form a zygote.

9. The individuals produced at each stage.

10. The star at the centre of our solar system.

VI. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:

1. Mutations do not occur in a large segment of a chromosome.

2. Acquired mutations occur in the DNA of individual cells at a certain time during a person’s life.

3. Ultraviolet radiation from the sun can cause a mutation.

4. Mutations that occur only in an egg or sperm cell are called new (de novo) mutations.

5. The egg and sperm cells are also called germ cells.

6. Eye color, hair color, and blood type can be different between people as a result of polymorphism.

7. Many polymorphisms have negative effects on a person’s health.

8. Genetic changes that occur in more than 10 percent of the population are called polymorphisms.

9. Mosaicism is a situation when only some cells of the individual have the genetic change.

10. Neutral mutations are mutations whose effects do not influence the fitness of an individual.

11. Conditional lethal mutations are changes in the sequence of genetic material, which kill the organism, but only when it faces certain environmental conditions.