- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
Exercises
Exercise 1
Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Comment on the means of rendering the contextual meaning of the indefinite article.
1.”A Mr.Forsyte to see you, sir”. (J.Galsworthy)
Haviland looked at him for a moment and then hung up his hat and coat. (M.Wilson).
There was a woman sitting before the fire. (K.Mansfield).
“What a fool Rawdon Grawley has been to go and marry a governess”. (W.Thackeray).
After a pause lord Henry pulled out his watch. (O.Wilde).
Every old gang has a Billy in it. (S.Leacock).
He is a man. (J.London).
Life worried and bored him and, and time was a vexation. (Ibid.)
When a government makes a bad mistake in judgement, the electorate turns against it as soon as it feels the effect. (J.Galsworthy).
“An eternity”, she tells me. (O.Wilde).
Exercise 2
Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Comment on means of rendering the contextual meaning of the definite article.
He had uttered a mad wish that he himself might remain young, and the portrait grow old. (O.Wilde).
The next night, of course, I arrived at the place again. (Ibid.)
He began to talk about the house. (J.Fowles).
Were people to gape at the mystery of his life? (O.Wilde).
But I shall have to ask them what the name of the country is, you know. (L.Carroll).
Ah, that’s the great puzzle! (Ibid.)
It is only fair that at the back of the book I would be allowed a few pages to myself to put down some things. (Ibid.)
Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly.(L.Carroll).
The very thought of it stirs me. (J.London).
“I suppose, it’s the thing to do”, Macomber agreed. (E.Hemingway).
Lecture 4
Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
Problems for discussion:
The Infinitive, the general notion
The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
Background for discussion:
The infinitive, its double nature
The use of the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
The use of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
The syntactic functions of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
The Infinitive, the general notion
The Infinitive is a non-finite form of the English verb which names an action without pointing out person and number. On the one hand, the English infinitive has a corresponding verbal in Ukrainian which makes the process of translation easier. It means that we can use direct translation in many cases.
E.g. To do this work in time is our main task. Зробити цю роботу вчасно – це наше головне завдання.
On the other hand, the English infinitive has a broader paradigm of its forms and consequently it requires more ways and means of translation depending on the kind of the action it expresses. It has 6 forms: The Indefinite Infinitive Active and Passive the Continuous Infinitive Active the Perfect Infinitive Active and Passive, and the Perfect Continuous Infinitive Active.
The Indefinite Infinitive usually expresses an action simultaneous with the action of the finite verb and it is translated by means of the Ukrainian infinitive.
E.g. I am always glad to talk to such a clever person. Я завжди радий поговорити з такою розумною людиною.
The Continuous Infinitive normally denotes an action in progress which is simultaneous with the action of the finite verb. In this case we also use a direct equivalent.
E.g. I am so glad to be talking to you now. Я дуже радий зараз розмовляти з тобою.
When we have Perfect and Perfect Continuous Infinitives, we can’t use direct equivalents, so we usually use an object clause introduced by the Ukrainian conjunction ЩО.
E.g. I am so glad to have talked it over with you. Я дуже радий, що ми обговорили це з вами.
I am glad to have been talking to such a great man for two hours. Я дуже радий, що розмовляв з такою видатною людиною протягом двох годин.
The above-mentioned examples prove that while translating English infinitive into Ukrainian we should always take into consideration the paradigmatic form of the infinitive.