- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
As a rule the English tense forms do not present serious difficulties from the point of view of their translation. But sometimes the translation is not quite faithful in case the translator lacks necessary knowledge on their meanings considering the sequence of tenses.
The Present Simple (or Indefinite) tense can present some difficulties because of its semantic diversity. As a rule it is translated directly using the corresponding Ukrainian present tense but in adverbial clauses of time and condition expressing a future action, the future tense is used in Ukrainian translation.
E.g. I will let you know when I have some new information.
Я повідомлю тобі, коли матиму якусь нову інформацію.
If you have some free time tomorrow, we can go for a walk together.
Якщо ти матимеш завтра вільний час, ми можемо прогулятися разом.
Besides, the future tense is used in Ukrainian variant when we speak about the action which is to take place according to the time-table or plan or when we express the nearest future action.
E.g. The plane lands at 5.30 tomorrow.
Літак приземлиться завтра о 5.30.
What do we do next?
Що ми робитимемо далі?
The future tense in Ukrainian translation of the Present Simple is not the only peculiarity of expressing a wide range of its lexical meanings. It’s common knowledge that with the verbs to forget, to hear, to be told the Present Simple expresses a past action which accounts for the necessity to use in Ukrainian the past tense.
E.g. I really forget to tell you about it.
Я дійсно забув сказати тобі про це.
I hear they are coming back next week.
Я чув, що вони повернуться наступного тижня.
I am told that they haven’t got married yet.
Мені сказали, що вони ще не одружилися.
2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
The Present Perfect tense is also very interesting from the point of view of its translation. It expresses a few different meanings which can be translated into Ukrainian with the help of different tenses. The usual translation of this into Ukrainian is past perfective which shows a completed action.
E.g. They have just discussed this problem.
Вони щойно обговорили цю проблему.
We should not forget that the Present Perfect can also be used for expressing the frequency of the action which can be continued, and in this case the past imperfective is usually used in Ukrainian.
E.g. He has been to London twice.
Він двічі бував у Лондоні.
They have often discussed such things.
Вони часто обговорювали такі питання.
When the Present Perfect te3nse denotes an action completed before a definite moment in the future in a clause of time, in Ukrainian translation we use the future perfective tense.
E.g. I will go for a walk only after I have translated this text.
Я піду на прогулянку тільки після того, як перекладу цей текст.
Speaking about the translation of the Present Perfect Inclusive we should always remember that it expresses an action which is still going on which can be shown in Ukrainian by means of the present tense.
E.g. They have known each other since their childhood.
Вони знають один одного ще з дитинства.
This house has belonged to them for 20 years.
Цей будинок належить їм 20 років.
The exception is the use of the Present Perfect Inclusive with the verbs of sense perception (to see, to hear, to feel) in negative sentences which is not translated by the present but by the past imperfective.
E.g. I haven’t seen him since Monday.
Я не бачила його з понеділка.
The Present Perfect Continuous tense can be translated in two different ways depending on whether it is Inclusive or Exclusive in meaning. As the Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive implies the action which is still going on we use in translation the present tense.
E.g We have been talking about it for a better part of an hour.
Ми говоримо про це уже добру годину.
In case we have the Exclusive meaning it should be stressed that the action was recently in progress but now we focus on its result. Such sentences are translated into Ukrainian by means of the past imperfective.
E.g. Here is the book I have been looking for!
Ось книга, яку я шукала!
Special care should be taken while translating sentences which express the sequence of tenses. People sometimes forget that simultaneous actions expressed by similar tenses in English require the use of different tenses in Ukrainian translation. A common mistake is the use of the past tense in both parts of the sentence of the type “He said that he liked tennis.” The correct variant would be «Він сказав, що любить теніс. » which really shows that the actions are simultaneous.
All above-mentioned peculiarities of translating English tenses into Ukrainian are connected with their lexical meaning and contextual environment.