- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
As it has been mentioned, the choice of the appropriate variant for translating a gerund greatly depends on its syntactic function.
1. If the gerund is used in the function of the subject we usually use in Ukrainian a noun or an infinitive.
E.g. Reading in the original greatly enriches our vocabulary. Читання в оригіналі значно загачує словниковий запас.
Doing it so quickly is really impossible. Швидко зробити це справді неможливо.
2. If the gerund has a syntactic function of a direct or prepositional object, we also choose a noun or an infinitive in Ukrainian.
E.g. Why should we spend so much time on talking about nothing? Навіщо витрачати стільки часу на пусті балачки?
She enjoys playing tennis. Вона полюбляє грати в теніс.
3. In the function of predicative the infinitive is preferable.
E.g. Your task is translating this text into English. Ваше завдання полягає в тому, щоб перекласти цей текст на англійську мову.
I don’t feel like talking about it now. Мені щось не хочеться зараз говорити про це.
4. If the gerund is used as part of a compound verbal aspect or modal predicate, we also use an infinitive in translation.
E.g. They went on talking about their unimportant matters. Вони продовжували розмовляти про свої дріб’язкові справи.
Every time I see her, I can’t help smiling. Щоразу, коли я бачу її, я не можу не посміхнутися.
6. As an attribute the English gerund is translated by an infinitive.
E.g. The mother doesn’t like the idea of leaving the children alone. Матері не подобається ідея залишати дітей самих.
Such frequent use of the noun and infinitive in translation is not surprising. It is the result of the origin of the English gerund which combines characteristics of the noun and the verb.
3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
The English gerund is characterized by its frequent use in the syntactic function of an adverbial modifier. It can be found in the sentence as an adverbial modifier of seven different types, and in each case the gerund is preceded by a certain preposition. Depending on the type of the adverbial modifier and the preposition which precedes the gerund, it can be translated into Ukrainian in different ways.
When the gerund is used as an adverbial modifier of time, it is usually translated into Ukrainian by a participial phrase (дієприкметник, дієприслівник).
E.g. On having a cup of coffee they resumed their talk. Випивши по чашечці кави, вони продовжили розмову.
In retreating the enemy ruined the city. Відступаючи, ворог зруйнував місто.
In the function of an adverbial modifier of manner we also use a participial phrase in translation.
E.g. You can improve your pronunciation by reading aloud.Ви можете покращити вимову, читаючи вголос.
The gerund as an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances can be translated by a participial phrase. Besides it is often rendered in a reverse order using the Ukrainian conjunction і, до того ж.
E.g. He went on writing quickly without looking at me.Він продовжував швидко писати, не дивлячись на мене.
Besides being clever, he is very industrious.Він дуже працьовитий, і до того ж розумний.
The gerund as an adverbial modifier of purpose is usually translated by a clause of purpose introduced by the Ukrainian conjunctions для, щоб, для того щоб, з метою.
E.g. Such texts are often used for interpreting.Такі тексти часто використовують для інтерпретації.
The delegation arrived with the object of conducting peace talks. Делегація прибула з метою проведення мирних переговорів.
As an adverbial modifier of condition the gerund is normally translated into Ukrainian as a participial phrase or a conditional clause with the Ukrainian conjunctions якщо, за умови що, у випадку якщо.
E.g. You will hardly cope with the task without having all the necessary information. Навряд чи ви впораєтеся з цим завданням, не маючи усієї необхідної інформації.
In case of coming late, wait for me at the inquiry office.У випадку, якщо ви запізнитеся, зачекайте на мене біля довідкового бюро.
When the gerund is used as an adverbial modifier of cause, it is translated by a clause of cause with the Ukrainian conjunctions тому що, через те що, від страху що, завдяки.
E.g. I feel much better for having taken the medicine. Я почуваюся набагато краще, тому що прийняв ліки.
The boy ran away for fear of being punished. Хлопчик втік від страху, що його покарають.
For having enough rains these soils are very fertile. Завдяки великій кількості опадів ці ґрунти дуже родючі.
As an adverbial modifier of concession the gerund is usually translated as a clause introduced by the Ukrainian conjunctions незважаючи на.
E.g. In spite of knowing everything, Jane didn’t say a word. Незважаючи на те, що Джейн все знала, вона не сказала ні слова.