- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
In the sentence the infinitive can be used singly or with accompanying words.
In this case we say that the infinitive is used in the infinitive phrase. As we have the infinitive in Ukrainian we usually have no problem translating the English infinitive into Ukrainian. But in the process of translation we should always take into consideration the paradigmatic form of the infinitive and its syntactic function. Direct translation is normally used when the English infinitive has the syntactic function of the subject.
E.g. To behave like this means to show our disrespect for them. Поводитися таким чином означає висловлювати нашу неповагу до них.
Direct translation is also often used in cases with the infinitive in the function of a part of compound verbal aspect or modal predicate.
E.g. They began to discuss it as if nothing had happened. Вони почали обговорювати це, наче нічого й не сталося.
We can talk about it tonight. Ми можемо поговорити про це сьогодні увечері.
But care should be taken with the translation of the infinitive in all the forms other than Indefinite. In such cases direct translation can hardly be used because a lot depends on the meaning of the modal verb which forms part of a compound verbal modal predicate. The infinitive is usually translated as a simple verbal predicate in coordinate or subordinate clauses.
E.g. They must have been waiting for you for half an hour. Вони, напевно, чекають тебе півгодини.
He can’t have said it. Не може бути, що він це сказав.
They might still be sleeping. Вони, мабуть, ще сплять.
Direct translation is also appropriate if the infinitive is used as a predicative in the sentence.
E.g. Our task is to start as early as possible. Наше завдання – вирушити якомога раніше.
Besides direct translation is usually necessary when the English infinitive performs the function of simple object.
E.g. I like to play tennis. Я люблю грати в теніс.
But in case we have Perfect or Perfect Continuous infinitive after predicative phrases of the type TO BE HAPPY (GLAD, SURPRISED, etc.) an object clause is used.
E.g. I’m glad to have discussed it with you. Я радий, що обговорив це з вами.
3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
Though the infinitive is a verbal which exists in both English and Ukrainian, we do not always find it possible to use direct equivalents in Ukrainian translation. There are some syntactic functions in which direct translation into Ukrainian is hardly possible. It is the case with attributive infinitives which are often conveyed with the help of attributive clauses. If the infinitive expresses some modal colouring Ukrainian modal verbs are used in translation.
E.g. We made a list of things to be taken. Ми склали список речей, які візьмемо з собою.
He has a family to support. У нього сім’я, яку потрібно утримувати.
In the function of an adverbial modifier the English infinitive is mostly translated by adverbial clauses introduced by the conjunctions ЩОБ, І, А or by дієприслівник introduced by the conjunctions ТАК НІБИ, НЕНАЧЕ. The choice of the Ukrainian conjunction depends on the type of the adverbial modifier. If the infinitive is used as an adverbial modifier of purpose or result, we use ЩОБ in Ukrainian translation; adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances usually requires the conjunctions І, А while adverbial modifier of comparison and manner is usually introduced onto Ukrainian by the conjunctions ТАК НІБИ, НЕНАЧЕ.
E.g. It was too dark to distinguish anything. Було занадто темно, щоб роздивитися що-небудь.
She read the whole chapter to find only five new words. Вона прочитала всю главу і знайшла лише п’ять нових слів.
He rose to see everything better with his own eyes. Він підвівся, щоб краще побачити все на власні очі.
She waved her hand as if to warn them of a possible danger. Вона помахала рукою, ніби попереджаючи про можливу небезпеку.