- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
Passive voice constructions exceed in number those in Ukrainian. This fact can be explained by:
the ability of not only the direct but also of indirect and prepositional objects to perform the function of the subject to the predicate in the passive voice E.g. The book was given to me. I was given the book. The child was looked
after.
the ability of several intransitive verbs to become transitive and take a direct object and form the passive voice
E.g. His dog Champ is often walked by his father. The house is run by their
mother.
No transpositions of such type are possible in Ukrainian where only the direct object can be transformed into the subject of a sentence in the passive voice
E.g. Мій брат написав листа. - Лист був написаний моїм братом.
Sometimes the meaning of the passive voice can be expressed in the analytical way. Some ways of expressing passive voice in both languages may coincide in form and structure.
E.g. He was offered a good job by somebody else.
Кимсь іще йому (була запропонована) пропонувалась гарна робота.
The other forms should be transformed to achieve faithfulness in translation.
E.g. She was a bit disturbed by those words.
Вона була дещо стурбована тими словами.
Ті слова її дещо стурбували.
English passive forms of the verb TO BE have no structural equivalents in Ukrainian. The problem is that the Ukrainian auxiliary verb Є is usually omitted and the past participle acquires other morphological and semantic expression.
E.g. Such questions are being asked right now.
Такі питанні задають(ся) саме зараз.
4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
Depending on the form of the passive voice construction and its lexical meaning this form can be transformed using in Ukrainian:
an indefinite-personal clause
E.g. This work is said to be very complicated.
Кажуть, що ця робота дуже складна.
a single predicative word or a simple nominal predicate
E.g. They are prepared to do anything.
Вони готові зробити що завгодно.
a finite form of the verb or a simple verbal predicate
E.g. He has never been asked about it.
Його ще ніхто про це не запитував.
an indefinite-personal past participle ending in –но, -то
E.g. Everything which is to be done is done.
Все, що потрібно зробити – зроблено.
a modal verb or expression with the infinitive
E.g. This task must be finished immediately.
Це завдання потрібно завершити негайно.
In most cases in rendering passive voice constructions in Ukrainian we practically avoid their source language outer structure. In such cases literal translation would be grammatically correct but stylistically inappropriate.
E.g. They must be left alone.
Вони повинні бути залишені наодинці.
Вони повинні залишитися наодинці.