- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
This construction is multifunctional and in most cases the way of its translating is determined by its syntactic function.
1. If the Prepositional Infinitive Construction performs the function of the subject in the sentence it is mostly translated as the subject or sometimes as a clause.
E.g. For me to see you is the happiest minute in my life. Побачити тебе – для мене найщасливіша мить у житті.
It would be better for us to leave him. Було б краще для нас залишити його.
2. This construction in the function of the predicative is normally translated as the simple nominal or verbal predicate.
E.g. It is not for you to make terms. Не тобі ставити умови./Не ти ставиш умови.
The best thing is for him to reveal the truth. Найкраще для нього – відкрити правду.
3. The Prepositional Infinitive Construction as a Complex Object is usually rendered as a simple or extended object.
E.g. We are waiting for them to come back. Ми чекаємо на їхнє повернення.
4. As a rule an attribute is translated by an attributive clause.
E.g. There was no room for us to sit down. Для нас не було місця, де сісти.
5. This construction used as an adverbial modifier of purpose or result is mostly rendered by a subordinate clause or an infinitive.
E.g. She stepped aside for me to pass. Вона відступила, щоб я пройшла.
His home was too far away for anyone to visit him. Його дім був надто далеко, тож ніхто не міг навідатись до нього.
Self-assessment test
1. The infinitive never performs a syntactic function of
a) a subject
b) a predicate
c) an object
2. The number of paradigmatic forms of the infinitive of a transitive verb is
a) 6
b) 5
c) 4
3. The active and passive infinitive can be used without any difference in meaning in sentences beginning with
a) It
b) There
c) Have
4. The verb TO CHOOSE in the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is translated into Ukrainian as
а) обирати
b) запитувати
с) хотіти
5. The verb TO MAKE in the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is translated into Ukrainian as
a) робити
b) змушувати
c) виготовляти
6. The verb TO SUFFER in the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is translated into Ukrainian as
a) неохоче дозволяти
b) дуже страждати
c) рішуче заперечувати
7. The verb TO HAVE (in the negative form) in the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is translated into Ukrainian as
a) не заперечувати
b) не дозволяти
c) не зважати
8. The translation of the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is predetermined by
a) its syntactic function, translator's choice and stylistic aim
b) its structure, lexical meaning and stylistic aim
c) its syntactic function, translator's choice and origin
9. The number of synonyms the Subjective Infinitive Construction can be used with is
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
10. The Prepositional Infinitive Construction is not used as
a) a complex subject
b) a complex predicative
c) a complex part of a compound verbal aspect predicate