- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
Methods of Translation
The main task of a translator is to make his translation as faithful as possible preserving the contents as well as the original manner and style of the author.
There are some factors that predetermine the degree of faithfulness of translation which are as follows:
the purpose of the translation;
the skill of the translator/interpreter;
the type of the matter selected for translation.
Depending on these factors there are the following methods of translation:
literal ;
verbal;
word-for-word;
interlinear;
literary.
1. Literal translation is an equivalent rendering of the lexical meaning of each language unit despite the difference in the number of morphemes or syllables in the target language. It is used only at the word level.
E.g. music-музика, constitution-конституція, zoology-зоологія, atomic-атомний.
2. Verbal translation is conveying the additional meaning without rendering the orthographic or the sounding form of the source language units. It is the method of translation in which the lexical meanings in the source and the target languages are the same while the forms are different. Lexical meanings and morphological stems are identical in source and target languages.
E.g. mistrust-недовіра, helpless-безпорадний, incorrect-неправильний, superprofit-надприбуток, weightlessness-невагомість.
3. Word-for-word translation is a consecutive verbal translation at the level of word-groups and sentences. This method is appropriate in rare cases as it is sure to lead to grammatical violations especially if the grammatical structures of the source and the target languages are different.
E.g. He went to school.Він пішов до школи.
Who said it? Хто сказав це?
4. Interlinear translation is a strictly faithful rendering of sense expressed by word-groups and sentences at the level of some text, which is normally achieved through many structural transformations. The necessity of these transformations is mostly explained by grammatical and stylistic differences in a source and target languages.
E.g. He fell ill. Він захворів.
Let’s discuss this problem to begin with. Давайте спочатку обговоримо цю проблему.
5. Literary translation is of two types: literary artistic and literary proper translation.
Literary artistic translation is a faithful conveying of content and artistic merits of a fiction work.
Literary proper translation is a faithful conveying of content of a non-fiction work.
Literary translations are always performed with many transformations which help achieve the ease and beauty of the original composition
Literary translation often requires linguistic and historical inquiries to clear up the obscure places.
E.g. „Слово о полку Ігоревім”: word-for-word translation ‘A Word about Ihor’s Regiment’
Literary translation: The Tale of the Host of Ihor
The Tale of the Armament of Igor
Prince Igor’s Raid against the Polovtsi
The Song of Igor’s Campaigne.