- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
Special care should be taken while translating English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object. In this case direct translation is impossible as in Ukrainian a prepositional object can never become a subject to the predicate in the passive voice. The lack of equivalent passive constructions in Ukrainian accounts for the necessity of using in translation indefinite personal forms.
E.g. Why don’t you answer when you are spoken to?
Чому ви не відповідаєте, коли з вами розмовляють?
The preposition used after the passive verb remains important in a Ukrainian translation and we normally begin a target sentence with it.
E.g. This event is much spoken of.
Про цю подію багато говорять.
In rare cases the English preposition is not translated into Ukrainian when the English intransitive verb has a transitive Ukrainian equivalent.
E.g. He was listened to with great attention.
Його слухали з великою увагою.
Some English passive voice constructions often change their outer and inner form and become active voice forms in Ukrainian. The main concern of the translator must be not the structural form of a source language sense unit but its contextual meaning and its form of realization in the target language.
E.g. The letter was written by his brother.
Брат написав йому листа.
Self-assessment test
1. The Present Simple tense doesn't express a future action
a) in an object clause
b) in a clause of time
c) in a clause of condition
2. Which of the verbs doesn't express a past action when it is used in the Present Simple tense?
a) to come
b) to forget
c) to hear
3. When the Present Perfect tense denotes a completed action, it is translated into Ukrainian by:
a) the past imperfective
b) the present
c) the past perfective
4. When the Present Perfect tense denotes an action with an indication of frequency, it is translated into Ukrainian by:
a) the future perfective
b) the past perfective
c) the past imperfective
5.When the Present Perfect Inclusive is used with verbs of motion in negative form, the verb is translated by:
a) the past tense
b) the present tense
c) the future tense
6. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive is usually translated by:
a) the past tense
b) the present tense
c) the future tense
7. In Ukrainian we can transform into the subject of the sentence
a) direct object
b) indirect object
c) prepositional object
8. Which verb is not translated into Ukrainian in passive voice constructions in the present tense
a) to have
b) to be
c) to go
9. In Ukrainian translation the preposition comes
a) after a verb
b) before a noun
c) after a noun
10. The main concern of a translator in rendering passive voice constructions is
a) outer form
b) structure
c) contextual meaning