- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
Lexical means of expressing modality imply the use of different modal words and expressions. They are quite often used in translating English modals into Ukrainian. We frequently find in translation such modal words as НАПЕВНО, ОЧЕВИДНО, МАБУТЬ, ІМОВІРНО, НЕ ДИВНО, БЕЗ СУМНІВУ, НЕ МОЖЕ БУТИ, НЕВЖЕ, etc. The necessity for their use can be explained by a broad paradigm of meanings expressed by most English modal verbs.
As an example, let’s take the modal verb CAN (COULD) which can be translated in at least four different ways depending on its contextual meaning.
First of all, it can be translated МОГТИ, ВМІТИ when it shows physical and mental ability as well as possibility.
E.g. He could swim very well when he was only 3. Він добре вмів плавати, коли йому було лише три роки.
You can vote, as you are 18 already. Ви можете голосувати, оскільки вам уже вісімнадцять років.
CAN is also translated (НЕ) МОЖНА in case it expresses permission or refusal.
E.g. Can I borrow your pen? Можна взяти вашу ручку?
You can’t smoke in the room! В приміщенні не можна палити!
The same modal verb can be translated as НЕ МОЖЕ БУТИ when it expresses incredulity and doubt .
E.g. He can’t have done alone. It’s impossible! Не може бути, що він зробив це сам. Це неможливо!
Besides CAN is translated as НЕВЖЕ, ХІБА, when it shows astonishment.
E.g. Can they have left so early? Невже вони поїхали так рано?
All this proves that the existence of so many different modal meanings expressed by practically each English modal verb accounts for the necessity of using various means in translation.
The lexical means of expressing modality are often used while conveying emotionally coloured meanings such as incredulity and doubt, astonishment, all kinds of supposition and urgent request.
E.g. They may be waiting for you in the library. (supposition with doubt) Можливо, вони чекають на вас у бібліотеці.
He must have had an experience of such work. (supposition with assurance) Він, напевно, мав досвід такої роботи.
He’s so clever. He should win the contest. (supposition as to something which is naturally expected) Він такий розумний. Без сумніву, він виграє цей конкурс.
You should visit us more often! (an urgent request) Обов’язково приходьте до нас частіше.
Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality imply the use of modal verbs. In translation this way is used only when English modals have direct equivalents in Ukrainian. It usually occurs with such English modals as CAN (COULD), MAY (MIGHT), MUST, NEED, and DARE. They have direct equivalents such as МОГТИ, ВМІТИ, ПОВИНЕН, ПОТРЕБУВАТИ, НАВАЖУВАТИСЯ. These direct equivalents can be used in translation but only in case the above mentioned modals are used to express ability or possibility of different kinds, obligation, necessity, and courage (or lack of courage) to do something.
E.g. She can embroider very well. (ability) Вона вміє дуже гарно вишивати.
You may find him in after 7. (possibility due to circumstances) Ви можете застати його дома після сьомої години.
You must do it in time, whatever may happen. (obligation due to circumstances) Ти повинен зробити це вчасно, що б не сталося.
You needn’t have hurried. (lack of necessity) Вам не потрібно було поспішати.
How dare you talk to me in such a tone? (lack of courage) Як ви смієте розмовляти зі мною таким тоном?
As each modal verb in English normally has more than one meaning we must be very careful in the process of translation. It should be born in mind that direct equivalents are used not too often. We should make sure which of the meanings the modal verb expresses in this particular case and only after that the most appropriate variant can be selected.