- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
Problems for discussion:
1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
2. Phonological means of expressing modality.
3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
4. Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
5. Grammatical modality.
Background for discussion:
1. The modal verbs CAN, MAY, MUST.
2. The modal verbs SHOULD and OUGHT.
3. The modal verbs WILL (WOULD) and SHALL.
4. The modal verbs DARE and NEED.
5. The modal expressions HAVE to +Infinitive and BE to + Infinitive.
1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
Modality is an extralinguistic category which shows the speaker’s attitude to reality. Modal verbs can never be used independently. They are always followed by the infinitive used in different paradigmatic forms. Modal verbs never express actions or states but they can show whether the action expressed by the infinitive is considered possible, desirable, necessary, obligatory, advisable, etc. In modern English we find nine modal verbs such as CAN (COULD), MAY (MIGHT), MUST, SHOULD, OUGHT, WILL (WOULD), SHALL, DARE, and NEED, and a lot of modal expressions, though the main ones are to HAVE to+Infinitive and to BE to+Infinitive. English modal verbs have got their structural peculiarities. They are always followed by the bare infinitive (except OUGHT to), form questions and negations without any auxiliaries, and don’t have analytical tenses and verbals. Modal verbs are characterized by various meanings which can be realized in different contexts.
The translation of English modals into Ukrainian can present some difficulties as English modality is much broader than that in Ukrainian. English modals often express such shades of meaning which can hardly be conveyed in Ukrainian using ways and means available in the target language.
Some English modals (CAN, MAY, MUST, DARE, and NEED) have direct equivalents in Ukrainian. But there are some English modals (SHOULD, OUHGT, WILL(WOULD), SHALL) lacking direct equivalents which accounts for the necessity of searching for the most appropriate ways and means available in Ukrainian. The faithful translation of English modals into Ukrainian depends on the following factors:
the form of the modal verb;
the paradigmatic form of the infinitive which follows it;
the contextual meaning.
As a result, there are four ways of conveying the meaning of English modal verbs and expressions. They are:
phonological means including stress and intonation;
lexical means which imply the use of modal words and expressions;
lexico-grammatical means based on the use of modal verbs;
grammatical means including tense and mood forms.
2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
Phonological means of expressing modality imply logical stress and intonation as well as the use of modal particles. These means are mostly used in case of rendering the meaning of modals which have no direct equivalents in the target language. We often employ them while translating such English modals as WILL (WOULD) and SHALL.
When SHALL expresses a very strict order or compulsion in Ukrainian we can use only logical stress to render its meaning.
E.g. You shall do it right now! Негайно зроби це!
In conveying the meaning of English modals which have no direct equivalents we can often use modal particles such as ЩЕ, Ж, ЛИШЕ, ТІЛЬКИ, TAK, etc. They do not express any independent lexical meaning but make the sentence more emphatic.
In case with SHALL expressing warning and threat we often use modal particles to stress the emotional colouring.
E.g. You shall be sorry about your words! Ти ще пожалкуєш про свої слова!
Besides, modal particles can be used to stress the lack of volition expressed by the modal verbs WILL (WOULD).
E.g. She wouldn’t answer my question. Вона так і не відповіла на моє питання.
Sometimes intonation strengthened with modal particles is used in conveying the meaning of the modal verbs CAN (COULD) when they express astonishment in special questions.
E.g. What can they have been doing there so long? Та що ж вони там так довго роблять?
The choice of the most appropriate phonological means depends on the meaning of the modal verb, its emotional colouring, and contextual environment.