Exercise 12.Choose the proper word from the given below to complete the sentences:

1. The brain and the spinal cord form the … nervous system.

2. The nerves which connect the brain and structures of the head are … .

3. An immediate response of the body to a stimulus is a … action.

4. A stimulus is received by a … .

5. Nerve cells are known as … .

6. Normally nerve cells are divided into motor, autonomous and … .

7. In the spinal cord, neuronal cell bodies are known as … .

8. A collection of neuronal cell bodies lying outside the CNS is called ... .

9. The internal environment of the body is controlled by the … nervous system.

10.Nerves which supply the body wall, skeletal muscle and skin are … nerves.

Sensory, sympathetic, autonomic, receptor, reflex, neurons, cranial, central,

grey matter, ganglion.

Exercise 13. Read the sentences paying attention to the translation of modal verbs:

E.g. The nervous system can coordinate voluntary and involuntary actions. – Нервова система може контролювати мимовільні та немимовільні дії.

According to scientific data theCNS must contain the brain and spinal cord. – Згідно з науковими даними ЦНС повинна складатися із головного та спинного мозку.

The sympathetic nervous system may be activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy, while the parasympathetic nervous system may be activated when organism is in a relaxed state. – Симпатична нервова система може бути задіяна у надзвичайних випадках для мобілізації енергії, в той час як парасимпатична нервова система може бути активована, коли організм знаходиться у спокої.

Exercise 14. Read the sentences and translate them into your native language:

1. In vertebrates the nervous system must contain two main parts, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

2. The CNS must consist of the brain and spinal cord.

3. The PNS consists mainly of nerves that can connect the CNS to every part of the body.

4. Nerves that can transmit signals from the brain are called motor or efferent nerves, while those nerves that can transmit information from the body to the CNS are called sensory or afferent.

5. Malfunction of the nervous system may be as a result of genetic defects, physical damage, and infection or simply of ageing.

6. In the peripheral nervous system, the most common problem is the failure of nerve conduction, which may occur due to diabetic neuropathy.

Exercise 15. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Neurons communicate within the body by transmitting electrochemical signals.

2. Vital functions are controlled by the brain.

3. Movement of the body is due to nerve stimuli.

4. The spinal cord is enclosed in the vertebral column.

5. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

6. The peripheral nervous system includes all of the parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord.

7. Galen saw the spinal cord as an extension of the brain.

8. The term ‘neurology’ was coined in 1681.

Exercise 16. Open the brackets in the correct tense and form:

1. The Greek philosopher Aristotle (to believe) that the nerves were controlled by the heart.

2. The central nervous system (to include) the brain and the spinal cord.

3. The Roman physician Galen (to contradict) Aristotle and (to conclude) that the brain was the most important organ of the body.

4. Recently the scientists (to find) that nervous cells can restore.

5. The peripheral nervous system (to make up) of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

6. I think we (to finish) our experiments with sensory receptors next week.

7. If they (to come) tomorrow I’ll explain them the principles of the nervous activities.

8. He just (to phone) his psychotherapist.