Exercise 7. Translate the words given in italics into English. Translate the whole sentences into your native language:

1. The cheeks and the lips вистилаються слизовою оболонкою.

2. Mucousmembraneформує захисне покриття for the inner oral organs.

3. Each tooth consists of коронки та кореня.

4. The tooth закріплюється into the sockets by the periodontal membrane.

5. Шийка зубаis the constricted area that connects the crown of a tooth to the root of a tooth.

6. Виділення слинних залоз smooth the food which is ground up by the teeth.

7. Слизова оболонкаof the oral cavity reflects the health of the individual.

8. Надкісниця is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones in the human body.

Exercise 8. Match the following terms with their definition:

saliva	a part of the tooth hidden in the jaw that keeps the tooth in place.
a crown	a group of cells that secrete substances, lubricating the membrane and protect against infections
an enamel	a part of the soft tissue lining of the mouth.
a root	a part of the tooth visible in the mouth
a tongue	a muscular organ that forms part of the floor of the oral cavity
alveolar process	a small, calcified, whitish structure found in the jaws of many vertebrates and used to break down food.
a tooth	a sticky fluid with colourless and watery appearance
gingiva	the outer covering of the tooth that is the hardest tissue in the body
mucous membrane	the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets (dental alveoli) on bones that hold teeth.

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences choosing the right variant from the box:

Periosteum, saliva, crown, root, gums, mastication, teeth, alveolar process

The digestive process starts in the mouth with ……. of food by the teeth.

Gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease that causes ……. to become red, swollen, and bleed easily.

Every person has two set of ….. called milk and permanent ones.

………… coats the oral mucosa, mechanically protecting it from trauma during eating, swallowing and speaking.

…… the portion of the maxilla or the mandible that forms the dental arch and serves as a 

bony support for the teeth. 

Acute periostitis is the inflammation of …… due to infection and is characterized by diffuse formation of pus, severe pain, and usually results in necrosis.

The anatomical area of teeth, usually covered by enamel and visible in the mouth is known as ……..

…. canal treatment is performed to prevent bacterial colony formation and save the tooth.

Exercise 10.Match the beginning with the endings of the sentences:

1. teeth are used	a) a bony socket known as an alveolus.
2. gingiva is the soft tissue that	b) in producing speech.
3. glands supply water, ferments and mucus to	c) that lies over the mandible and maxilla inside the mouth.
4. the root anchors the tooth into	d) a visible part of the tooth in the mouth.
5. the mucous membrane or mucosa forms	e) covers and protects the root of the tooth.
6. teeth are important components	f) the food which is ground up by the teeth.
7. the gingiva consists of the mucosal tissue	g) a protective covering for the tongue, palate, etc.
8. the crown of a tooth is	h) to masticate food into tiny pieces.

Exercise 11. Read and translate paying attention to the use of Indefinite (Simple) and Continuous Tenses:

1. The surgeons are operating on the acute appendicitis at the moment.

2. The patient is getting better with this new treatment.

3. We should give him vasodilators as his blood pressure is rising very rapidly.

4. The dentist takes an X-ray to identify tooth decay.

5. While the dentist was examining the patient’s oral cavity he identified the decay between front upper teeth.

6. Dr. Peterson is filling a cavity in the wisdom tooth now.

7. It's important to come to a dentist twice a year for regular check-ups.

8. The dentist is removing plaque in the patient’s oral cavity now.

Exercise 12. Open the brackets using Indefinite (Simple) or Continuous Tense.

1. We (to wait) ... for them at two o'clock tomorrow. We (to be) ... sure they (to come) ... in time. Then we (to go) ... to the library to look for the supplementary literature.

2. -... you (to see)... your friend yesterday? - Yes, she (to stand)... in the central academic building of the university talking with our histology professor.

3. The oral cavity (to consist) ... of the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.

4. The students can’t answer the question because they (not to listen) to the lecturer attentively.

5. Some students (to work)... in the laboratory studying the structure of the human body while the others (to listen)... to the lecturer.

6. He (to study) very hard now as he (to realize) the importance of his future work.

7. Every day she (to return)... home, (to have)... dinner, and (to rest)... a bit.

8. The doctor …. (to prepare) a syringe for an injection, while the child (not see) him.

Exercise 13. Open the brackets (all tenses can be used) and translate the sentences:

1. On the floor of the oral cavity the mucous membrane (to form) a fold called the frenulum of the tongue.

2. Food (to grind) up by the teeth.

3. The set of teeth of a grown-up (to include) 32 teeth.

4. The nurse (to give) an injection of anesthetics to relieve unbearable pain now.

5. The students (to study) Pharmacology in two years.

6. Great progress in the development of new types of filling material (to make) last year.

7. The toxins in the gum already (to stimulate) the process of irritation.

8. These patients (to operate) tomorrow after a morning round.

Exercise 14. Make questions to the underlined parts of the sentence:

The salivary glands supply water, ferments and mucus to the food ground up by the teeth.

The food wasn’t properly grounded by the teeth because of the lack of the teeth.

The dentist will apply some mint flavored fluoride on the patient’s teeth.

The patient has made an appointment with the dentist for today.

The dentistry was established as a separate branch of medicine approximately 5000 years ago.

The Etruscans made first dental prosthesis in the seventh century BC.

The teeth have been extracted under local anesthesia.

If there is infection a dentist will establish drainage.

Exercise 15. Translate into English:

1. Кістки черепа утворюють ротову порожнину.

2. Верхня щелепа має чотири відростки: лобний, виличний, піднебінний та альвеолярний.

3. В альвеолярному відростку є вісім луночок (cells) для розміщення коренів зубів.

4. Слизова оболонка на альвеолярних відростках щелепи, що щільно прилягає до надкісниці, називається яснами.

5. Верхня частина язика називається спинкою язика (dorsum).

6. Мигдалики захищають людину від шкідливих мікроорганізмів, виконуючи роль бар'єру.

7. Слинні залози, що знаходяться в ротовій порожнині, секретують слину.

8. Нижня щелепа рухома й прикріплюється до черепа за допомогою м’язів.