Exercise 11. Fill in prepositions where necessary and translate into your native language:

of (2); by; or; in (4); for (2); through (2)

One of the most common locations ____ a foreign body is the alimentary tract.

It is possible ___ foreign bodies to enter the tract from the mouth, or from the rectum.

The objects most commonly swallowed ____ children are coins. Meat impaction is more common ____ adults.

Swallowed objects are more likely to lodge ____ the esophagus or stomach than ____ the pharynx or duodenum.

____ the person who swallowed the foreign body is doing well, usually a x-ray image will be taken. It will show any metal objects, and should be repeated a few days later to confirm that the object has passed all the way _____ the alimentary tract. Also it needs to be confirmed that the object is not stuck _____ the airways, in the bronchial tree.

Most objects that are swallowed will pass all the way ____ the gastrointestinal tract unaided.

____ the foreign body causes problems like pain, vomiting ____ bleeding it must be removed.

Exercise 12. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following term “stomach”:

1. The stomach has three tasks in digestion: mixing foods with gastric juices, storing swallowed food and liquid, moving food into the small intestine.

2. It is located in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm.

3. The stomach is a hollow, saclike organ enclosed in a muscular wall.

4. The stomach receives food from the esophagus.

5. These flexible muscles allow the stomach to extend when you eat.

6. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter.

Exercise 13. Translate word-combinations with Participle into your native language:

Saliva moistening the food; the patient complaining of pain; disease, spreading rapidly; food, containing a lot of vitamins; doctor on duty making a morning round; blood containing digested nutrients; teeth grinding the food;patient suffering from different diseases; the coughing child; the bleeding wound; surgeon operating this patient.

Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences. Define the type of the Participle.

1. The doctor determined the size of the liver by means of palpation.

2. Carrying blood to and from the lungs the vessels of the pulmonary system dilate and contract simultaneously with the action of the heart.

3. Many small lobules connected by connective tissue and bands of vessels and nerves from the liver.

4. The blood passing through the portal vein is carried to the liver.

5. Being asked some questions about the attack of the cardiac pain the patient stated that it was particularly acute on physical exertion.

6. The changing condition of the patient became worse yesterday.

7. Having been relieved of all the painful symptoms the male patient fell asleep.

8. Having passed the final exam well, this student was offered an internship.

Exercise 15. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. First step in the digestive system takes place in the mouth.

2. The soft palate is a continuation of the soft tissues covering the hart palate.

3. The weight of the largest of the salivary glands is 28 gr.

4. The liver consists of small lobules connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and nerves.

5. The duodenum is called so because its length measures about the length of twelve fingers.

6. The liver is covered with a fibrous coat.

7. Foreign body that enters the alimentary tract can cause different problems.

8. Gastroendoscopy shows all the damages in the stomach.

Exercise 16. Open the brackets using the verb in the appropriate form:

1. The mechanical digestion of the food (to start) by the action of mastication and the wetting contact of saliva.

2. The esophagus (to line) with smooth muscle, which forces the food down the pipe to the stomach.

3. When food is swallowed, the stomach (to produce) hydrochloric acid.

4. The shape of the stomach (to change) when it delates and its borders greatly extend.

5. The liver (to play) a major role in metabolism and (to have) a number of functions in the body.

6. Discharged from the liver bile (to store) in the gallbladder.

7. 95% of absorption of nutrients (to occur) in the small intestine.

8. Waste material (to eliminate) from the rectum during defecation.