2.7. Statically indeterminate problems

Construction calculation problems in which elements of the force factors cannot be determined by the equations of the static’s balance alone are called statically indeterminate.

To solve such problems apart from balance equations displacement and deformation equations are made.

The details temperature change causes their dimensions change and as a result additional stresses called temperature stresses arise in the statically indeterminate systems.

Let us consider a weightless bar of the constant section of the A area and the length with rigidly clamped ends (Fig. 2.4). The tension temperature stresses arise in the bar under heating. Let us determine these stresses. Compose the equilibrium equation for the bar:

from then we get that the R_c and R_в reactions are equal. Having applied the section method we establish that the N normal force at the bar section is equal to the unknown reactions:

Compose an additional equation removing the damped right mentally and replacing it by the R_B reaction. The additional equation will be as follows

(i.e. the bar temperature elongation is equal to its shortening under the R_creaction action, because the constraints are absolutely rigid).

Fig. 2.4.

The temperature elongation , where α is the bar coefficient of linear expansion; the shortening under the R_c reaction action is Equate the right parts of these equalities:

hence

Let us determine the temperature stresses:

To avoid the temperature stresses achieving considerable values, one of the bridge’s send is put on the rollers. The compensator systems are made in the long pipelines that are subjected to the temperature changes.

Example. An absolutely ridid bar pictured in Fig.2.5 is pin-connected to the wall and hung up on two pinned and vertically placed steel bars that have the same length L = 2m. The force F = 20 kN acts at the D point of the bar. The cross section areas are the same: А₁ = 3 сm², A₂ = 6 сm². The material elasticity modulus for the bars is Е = 2^.10⁵ МPа, the weight force of the bar is G = 40 kN. Determine the stresses for the bars 1 and 2.

Fig. 2.5.

Solution. Considering the bar equilibrium, having removed the constraints and replacing them by their reactions, we get three unknowns: the R_a reaction of the A pin and the R_c and R_в reactions of the bars 1 and 2.

For the given parallel forces system only two equilibrium equations can be composed: the forces projection equation for the vertical axis and the moments equation relative to any point; hence, we have a statically indeterminate system.

To solve the problem it is necessary to compose an additional displacement equation for the construction elements. Imagine it in the deformed form. From the triangle resemblance ACC^’ and ABB^’ we receive