VI. Talking points.

a) Jeans and its origination.

b) Jeans in the 19^th century.

c) Dyeing of jeans.

d) Jeans during World War II.

e) Jeans as a prison uniform.

f) Jeans in the mid-1970s.

VII. Check up your grammar.

1. They … an appointment for Friday at the moment: a) Had made. b) Are making.

c) Have made. d) Has made. e) Is making.

2. What discount do you usually give …?:

a) Them. b) You. c)Our.

d) His. e) Their.

3. The seller offered … a 3% discount:

a) Our. b) Us. c) His.

d) Hers. e) My.

4. … prices are not high: a) Our. b) Them. c) Us. d) Me. e) Him.

5. They usually … many orders for their equipment:

a) Receives. b) Receive.

c) Have received.

d) Was received.

e) Are receiving.

6. … you go to Almaty next week?

a)Did. b)Do. c) Will. d) Are. e) Have.

7. … I study the contract form tomorrow?

a)Did. b)Shall. c)Do.

d)Are. e) Have.

8. Mr. Blake asked Mr. Green if he … busy all day: a) Is. b) Will be.

c) Would be. d) Was.

e) Isn’t.

9. Nancy asked Tom if he … active holiday:

a) Likes. b) Liked.

c) Like. d) Will like.

e) Doesn’t like.

10. The manager asked his secretary … the letter: a) Doesn’t type.

b) Not type . c) Not to type. d) Didn’t type.

e) Won’t type.

11. Mr. Brown said that he … through the catalogues:

a) Was looking. b) Is looking. c) Will be looking. d) Looking.

e) Have looked.

12. The secretary asked when Mr. Bell … in:

a) will be. b) were.

c) is. d) would be. e)be.

13. The manager asked Mr. Green … a Seller’s offer: a)Study. b)To study. c)Studied. d)Would study. e)Has studied.

14. Mr. Brown asked Mr. Green when he … to London on business:

a) Goes . b) Went.

c) Go. d) Would go.

e) Will go.

15. I thought he … there this week: a)Go. b) Goes. c) Doesn’t go. d) Will go. e)Would go.

Unit XVI

I. Read and translate the text. Ethnographic clothes of Nomads Part I

Kazakhs’ national clothing is closely connected with the culture of Nomads, who lived on the territory of Eurasia. Ethnographical clothes of Nomads take start from the time of Androns, the Saks (Scythians) and the Huns BC and Turks AD. Some samples of everyday headgear, outerwear and footwear have been preserved since ancient times. Leaders of the Saks BC wore male and female garments which were made of valuable fur, suede, leather and silk, dress-coats and coats that were in vogue in medieval Europe and Russia. Such ethnographic clothing was discovered during archaeological excavations in the burial-mounds Esik, Berel, Pazyryk, Katanda, Tuyakty and Shibe.

In the Chinese annals are mentioned “Ergak” (Nomads’ clothing) which was made of horse skin with the fur outside. These articles were stained with bark or henna and their patterns were embroidered on their lapels. In the manuscripts of Margulan it was said that the coat was made of goat skin, which was removed from the coarse wool, and only the delicate fluff was left on it. Such coat was called “kylka zhargak”.

Clothes of the Saks of VIII-IV centuries BC were depicted on the carpets, tapestries, ancient monuments, golden plates and jugs. Clothing of the Saks, which were depicted on ancient excavations, applies to all the tribes of Nomads. They differ from each other only by the usage of materials which depended on the natural habitat and patterns of particular locality. One can assume that on ancient monuments of the Saks are depicted nomadic warriors. The bulk of their society was composed of soldiers.

Apparel of simple Saks, who inhabited Eurasia from Central Asia and Siberia to the Black Sea, is the same. They wore a felt hat “shoshak Borik” and short jacket “beshpent”. The Persians depicted the Saks in pants “sym” on their rock paintings. Mertsalova M. wrote: “First only the barbarian warriors wore trousers - it was the clothing of their people, but then they got a wide distribution and became universal military clothing”.

Beshpent and pants of nomads were comfortable not only for daily wear, but during the battle as well. The Chinese used clothes of nomads for their soldiers.

During the formation of a hierarchical system for the leaders of the Saks and their relatives were specially made clothes of expensive fabrics and precious furs, jewelry made of bronze, gold and silver. The Nomads buried such articles and jewelry with their dead leaders.

Among the ancient states only Egyptians and Saks made golden shoes for the deceased. Those tribes worshiped the sun and fire. So they tried to portray at their articles yellow color of fire and the sun with the help of golden plates and gilded fibers.

Ancient masters took into account local natural conditions in their works. For warm clothing they used skins of animals, felt, woolen fabrics. They used expensive silk fabrics, brocade and satin for spring and summer clothes.

For the mass production of clothing they used linen and wool fabrics. Their upper garment was made of wild beasts’ skins, coats were made of squirrel and mink’s skins, toe cap and sole of shoes were made of leather, and ankles of boots were made of deer skins and beasts of prey.

Poor segments of the Saks’ society wore felt hats. Their outer clothing, clothing and footwear were made of finely processed wool. Clothes of ancient nomads were closely connected with their profession. Ancient artisans made many different articles from the skins of wild animals and livestock.