Topic 5

Development of Prison System in Europe

Ex.1. Read and memorize the following words and expressions:

1. сell	камера
2. custody	ув’язнення
3. deterrent	стримувальний, попереджувальний
4. imprisonment	ув’язнення
5. incarceration	позбавлення волі, ув’язнення
6. jail/gaol	в’язниця
7. penitentiary	пенітенціарний
8. penitence	каяття
9. penology	пенологія
10. prison	в’язниця
11. reformation	виправлення
12. reformatory	реформаторій
13. retribution	кара, відплата
14. solitary confinement	одиночне ув’язнення
15. a convict; to convict	засуджений, визнавати винним
16. felony	карний злочин
17. corporal punishment	тілесне покарання
18. execution	смертна кара
19. exile	вигнання, заслання
20. accused person	обвинувачений
21. awaiting trial	які очікують судового розгляду
22. minor offender	особа, яка скоїла незначне правопорушення
23. emphasis	наголос, увага
24. a lack of	відсутність, нестача
25. handling of criminals	контроль над злочинцями
26. penitent	що розкаюється
27. silent system	система тиші
28. inmate	в’язень
29. sentence	вирок
30. release	звільнення
31. unarmed guards	неозброєна охорона
32. fitness	придатність
33. conduct	поведінка
34. fit the severity	відповідати жорстокості
35. in the belief	з вірою в те, що …
36. clearly articulated	чітко визначений
37. just penalty	справедливе покарання
deterrent to crime	засіб утримання від скоєння злочину
39. banishment	вигнання

Ex.2. Read and translate the text:

Development of the Prison system

A prison is an institution for the confinement of persons convicted of major crimes or felonies. In the 19th and the 20th centuries, imprisonment replaced corporal punishment, execution, and banishment as the chief means of punishing serious offenders.

Historically exile, execution, and various forms of corporal punishment were the most common penalties for criminal acts.

In the 12th century England jails were widely used as places for the confinement of accused persons until their cases could be tried by the king's court. Imprisonment gradually came to be accepted not only as a device for holding persons awaiting trial but also as a means of punishing convicted criminals.

During the 16th century a number of houses of correction were established in England and on the continent for the reform of minor offenders. In these institutions there was little segregation by age, sex, or other conditions. The main emphasis was on strict discipline and hard labour.

Although reformation of offenders was intended in the houses of correction, the unsanitary conditions and lack of provisions for the welfare of the inmates soon produced widespread agitation for further changes in methods of handling criminals. Solitary confinement of criminals became an ideal among the rationalist reformers of the 18th century, who believed that solitude would help the offender to become penitent and that penitence would result in reformation.

Meanwhile, strenuous opposition to the prolonged isolation of prisoners developed very early, especially in the United States. A competing philosophy of prison management, known as the 'silent system' was developed. The main distinguishing feature of the silent system was that prisoners were allowed to work together in the daytime. Silence was strictly enforced at all times, however, and at night the prisoners were confined in individual cells.

Further refinements were developed in Irish prisons in the mid-1800s. Irish inmates progressed through three stages of confinement before they were returned to civilian life. The first portion of the sentence was served in isolation. Then the prisoners were allowed to associate with other inmates in various kinds of work projects. Finally, for six months or more before release, the prisoners were transferred to 'intermediate prisons', where inmates were supervised by unarmed guards and given sufficient freedom and responsibility to permit them to demonstrate their fitness for release. Release was also conditional upon the continued good conduct of the offender, who could be returned to prison if necessary.

These were the steps made to fit the severity of the punishment to the severity of the crime, in the belief that the existence of clearly articulated and just penalties would act as a deterrent to crime. Deterrence has become a leading principle of European penology (Adopted from Гуманова Ю. Л., 2011, с. 152).

Ex.3. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a prison ?

2. What were the means of punishing offenders before the 19^th century ?

3. What was the purpose of jails in the 12^th century in England ?

4. What were the main features of houses of correction in the 16^th century ?

5. Why did the rationalist reformers of the 18^th century seek to establish solitary confinement of criminals?

6. What is the silent system?

7. What were Irish prisons like in the mid-1800s?

Ex. 4. Brainstorm. Which of the following words refer to:

a) goals of punishment

b) correctional institutions

• cell

• penitence

• custody

• penology

• deterrent

• prison

• imprisonment

• reformation

• incarceration

• reformatory

• jail/gaol

• rehabilitation

• penitentiary

• retribution

• solitary confinement

Ex. 5. Find the Ukrainian equivalents:

1. convicted of major crimes or felonies

2. imprisonment replaced corporal punishment

3. penalties for criminal acts

4. chief means of punishing serious offenders

5. cases could be tried by the king’s court

6. the confinement of accused persons

7. punishing convicted criminals

8. holding persons awaiting trial

9. houses of correction

10. reform of minor offenders

11. strict discipline and hard labour

12. reformation of offenders was intended

13. unsanitary conditions

14. lack of provisions

15. welfare of the inmates

16. penitence would result in reformation

1. забезпечення в’язнів

2. нестача їжі

3. антисанітарні умови

4. покарання за кримінальні дії

5. передбачалося виправлення засуджених

6. виправлення злочинців,які скоїли незначне правопорушення

7. головні засоби покарання небезпечних злочинців

8. сувора дисципліна і тяжка праця

9. засуджений за скоєння тяжкого злочину

10. каяття стане результатом виправлення

11. покарання засуджених

12. ув’язнення застосовувалося замість тілесного покарання

13. виправні будинки

14. справи можуть розглядатись королівським судом

15. утримання під вартою осіб , які очікують суду

16. утримання під вартою обвинувачених

Ex.6. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1. сильна опозиція

2. подовжена ізоляція

3. керування виправною установою

4. в’язням дозволялося працювати разом

5. в’язнів утримували в окремих камерах

6. подальше вдосконалення відбулося в Ірландських в’язницях

7. перед тим як їх повертали до цивільного життя

8. перед звільненням в’язнів перевозили до проміжних в’язниць

9. достатньо волі та відповідальності

10. стримування більш ніж покарання

Ex. 7. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions:

1. inmate

2. offender

3. punishment

4. sufficient freedom

5. European penology

6. associate with other inmates

7. the main distinguishing feature of the silent system

8. a leading principle

9. unarmed guards

Ex. 8. Read and memorize the following words and expressions:

1. society- суспільство

2. penal reform – реформа пенітенціарної системи

3. is named after – названий на честь

4. to investigate – досліджувати

5. conditions – умови

6. to draw – привертати (увагу)

7. innocent – невинний

8. fee – плата

9. guilty – винний

10. to die – помирати

11. to treat – ставитьсь до когось

12. to find out – з’ясувати

13. human being – людина

14. savage – дикий, лютий

15. torture to death – тортури до смерті

16. voice – голос

17. mercy – милосердя, співчуття

18. discovery – відкриття

19. plea – аргумент

Ex. 9. Read and translate the text: