Elizabeth Fry, 1780—1845

Until the great reforms in law, which took place in the nineteenth century, criminals were treated with great brutality. Thieves were hanged or deported, while floggings were very common and prisons were dirty and terribly overcrowded. Elizabeth Fry was one of the very few people who devoted their lives to improving the life of prisoners. She was a Norfolk Quaker who went among the criminals to understand them better and to improve the conditions in which they lived. In 1817 she formed a society for the improvement of prison conditions and started to take an interest in prisons in other countries. She was so successful in her work that she was thanked by the House of Commons for her efforts.

Ex. 15. Answer the following questions:

1. What changed the life of criminals who were treated with great brutality?

2. How were thieves punished?

3. What was common for prisons?

4. What did Elizabeth Fry devote her life to?

5. Why did Fry go among the criminals?

6. What kind of society did Fry form?

7. Why was Fry thanked by the House of Commons?

Ex. 16. Find the Ukrainian equivalents:

1. which took place in the nineteenth century

2. criminals were treated with great brutality

3. thieves were hanged

4. floggings were very common

5. prisons were dirty and terribly overcrowded

6. devoted their lives to improving the life of the prisoners

1. присвятили своє життя покращенню утримання в’язнів

2. в’язниці були брудними і переповненими.

3. відшмагування були дуже поширеними

4. з злочинцями поводилися дуже жорстоко

5. крадіїв вішали

6. які події відбулися в 19 столітті

Ex. 17. Read and memorize the following words and expressions:

1. founded – заснований

2. millennium – тисячоліття

3. to expand – розширювати(ся)

4. to protect – захищати

5. to imprison – ув’язнювати

6. the last sight – останній погляд

7. seat – місце знаходження

8. government – уряд

9. repository – сховище

10. notorious traitor – горе звісний зрадник

11. raven – ворон

12. clergymen – духовенство

13. knight – лицар

14. execution – страта

15. captive – полонений бранець

16. notable inmate – видатний в’язень

17. renowned – славнозвісний

Ex. 18. Read and translate the text:

The Tower of London

Founded nearly a millennium ago and expanded upon over the centuries since, the Tower of London has protected, housed, imprisoned and been for many the last sight they saw on Earth.

It has been the seat of British government and the living quarters of monarchs, the site of renowned political intrigue, and the repository of the Crown Jewels. It has housed lions, bears, and (to this day) flightless ravens, not to mention notorious traitors and framed members of court, lords and ministers, clergymen and knights.

In the Middle Ages the Tower of London became a prison and place of execution for politically related crimes, with most captives being put to death (murdered or executed). Among those killed there were the humanist Sir Thomas More (1535); the second wife of Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn (1536). Other notable inmates included Princess Elizabeth (later Elizabeth I), who was briefly imprisoned by Mary I for suspicion of conspiracy; the infamous conspirator Guy Fawkes (1606) and the adventurer Sir Walter Raleigh (1618). Even in the 20^th century during World War I several spies were executed there by firing squad.

Ex. 19. Find the English equivalents in the text above:

1. Тауєр дав притулок , захистив і ув’язнив.

2. місце знаходження Британського уряду

3. місце проживання монархів

4. місце славнозвісних політичних інтриг.

5. сховище королівських коштовностей

6. нелітаючі ворони

7. горезвісні зрадники

8. несправедливо обвинувачені члени суду, священики та лицарі.

Ex. 20. Find the Ukrainian equivalents:

1. place of execution for politically related crimes

2. most captives being put to death (murdered or executed )

3. was briefly imprisoned

4. for suspicion of conspiracy

5. infamous conspirator

6. several spies were executed there by firing squad.

1. за підозру у змові

2. був ненадовго ув’язнений

3. ганебний змовник

4. кілька шпигунів були розстріляні

5. місце страти за політичні злочини

6. більшість полонених були страчені

Ex. 21. Answer the following questions:

1. When was the Tower of London founded?

2. What were the functions of the Tower of London?

3. When did the Tower of London become a prison?

4. Who were the captives of the Tower of London?

Ex. 22. Read and memorize the following words and expressions:

1. diverse – різноманітній

2. generalization – узагальнення

3. maintaining – збереження

4. barred cells –камери з гратами

5. checking – перевірка

6. search(for) – обшук

7. escape – втеча

8. to forestall – запобігати , попереджати

9. violent assault – напад з застосуванням насильства

10. rape – зґвалтування

11. to be subjected – підпорядковуватися

12. security – безпека

13. to prompt – підказувати

14. to separate – розділяти

15. maximum security prison – в’язниця з максимальним рівнем безпеки

16. to be assigned – бути призначеним

17. proneness to escape – здатність до втечі

Ex. 23. Read and translate the text: