- •Contents:
- •Introduction
- •Structure, functions and methods of research of biological membranes The general structure of cell
- •Ultrastrucrure and function of function of biological membrane
- •Kinds of passive transport
- •Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes
- •Method of a dark field.
- •Phase - contrast method.
- •Electronic microscopy.
- •Method of diffraction of X-rays radiation.
- •Ultramicroscopy.
- •Luminescent methods of research of membranes.
- •Method of ultrachemistry.
- •Nuclear magnetic resonance research and electronic paramagnetic resonance research.
- •Research of forces of a superficial tension Properties of liquids
- •Superficial tension.
- •Physical properties of biological membranes.
- •Molecular mechanisms of electrochemical potentials of membranes and distribution of a nervous impulse along excitability fibre.
- •Principles of transformation of biological and not electric signals in electric. Designs of sensors and electrodes, their basic characteristics
- •Application of sensors
- •Analog registering devices
- •Rhythm of heart. Parameters of cardiac activity.
- •External displays of activity of heart.
- •Activity of heart
- •Electric activity of cells of a myocardium
- •Functions of conductive system of heart
- •The electrocardiogram
- •Change of a rhythm of cardiac activity.
- •The device and main principles of work of electrocardiograph
- •Imposing of electrodes
- •The device, a principle of work of electroencephalograph. Basic rhythms of eeg. Registration of eeg and principles of the analysis
- •Introduction
- •Essence of a method
- •Technique of record of electroencephalogram.
- •Principles of analyses of electroencephalogram
- •Definition of a photoeffect
- •Types of photoeffects.
- •Einstein equation
- •Application of a photo effect in medicine.
- •The device, principle of work spectrophotometer. Application spectrophometrical methods of research for definition of concentration of substances in biological liquids
- •Method of the calibre graph.
- •Method of comparison.
- •Polarization of light by biosystems. Polarimeter. Light natural and polarized. Polaroids.
- •Research of microstructures in polarizing light
- •Rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light. Saccharimetry.
- •Design of the device
- •Principle of action
- •Special receptions of microscopy of biological objects Special methods of light microscopy (illumination and supervision). Method of a dark field.
- •Method of ultramicroscopy
- •Method of a light field and its version
- •Method of phase contrast
- •Polarizing microscopy
- •The method interference contrast
- •Method of research in a view of a luminescence
- •Device of a microscope. Measurement of value of microscoping object.
- •Model of sliding strings. Biomechanics of a muscle. The equation of Hill. Modeling of muscular reduction Biophysics of muscular reduction
- •Structure of a cross-section-striped muscle. Model of sliding strands.
- •Biomechanics of a muscle
- •The equation of Hill. Power of single reduction.
- •Modelling of muscular reduction
- •Electromechanical interface in muscles
- •Devices for measurement of function of external breath. The device and a principle of work. Registration and the analysis of the given functional researches
- •Change of saturation by gases of an organism at differences of external pressure.
- •Biomechanics of external breath
- •Devices for measurement of function of external breath
- •Viscosity of a liquid
- •Current of a liquid on a horizontal pipe. Puazal’s law.
- •Current of a liquid on a pipe of variable section and branched out
- •Definition of speed of blood-groove
- •Full resistance (impedance) of tissues of the organism Physical bases of rheography
- •Measurement of factor of viscosity.
- •Physical bases of hemodynamic. Laws of movement of blood in an arterial and venous channel
- •Measurement of pressure of blood
- •Systolic and minute volume of a blood-groove
- •Change of minute volume of a blood-groove at work.
- •Biophysical features of an aorta.
- •Biophysical features of arterioles of the big circle of blood circulation.
- •Tomographic methods
- •Classification of kinds of a tomography.
- •Interposition of a source of probing radiation, bject and the detector.
- •Echosounding
- •Computer tomograph.
- •Magnetic-resonant tomography.
- •Three-dimensional ultrasonic
- •ElastoScan-flexography
- •Modes of an acoustic transparency of three-dimensional ultrasonic.
- •Methods of physiotherapeutic influence
- •The therapeutic techniques based on application of a direct current. Electrophoresis and galvanizing in a medical practice. Mobility of ions.
- •Medicinal electrophoresis.
- •Galvanizing.
- •Electrosecurity
- •The basic requirements to an electrosecurity of electromedical devices and devices.
- •Modelling of biophysical processes.
- •The basic stages of modelling
- •The basic stages of modelling
- •4. Creation of model, its research.
- •Classification of models:
- •Mathematical models of growth of number of a population.
- •Pharmacokinetic model.
- •Sources of X-ray radiation.
- •Artificial sources of radiation.
- •Interaction of X-ray radiation with substance.
- •1. Coherent dispersion;
- •2. Photoeffect
- •3. Kompton - effect
- •Radioactivity radiation Radioactive disintegration Structure of a nucleus
- •A radioactive disintegration. Kinds of radioactive radiation
- •It is thrown out and a nucleus has more stability complex of nucleons. Positron β-disintegration is described by the equation:
- •The basic law of radioactive disintegration in the differential form. A constant of disintegration.
- •The basic law of radioactive disintegration in the differential form.
- •A half-life period.
- •Activity. A unit of measure.
- •Radioactive elements in the nature.
- •Ionizing radioactive radiation and its biological action.
- •The absorbed and exposition doze. Power of a doze. Units of measure.
- •Relative biological efficiency.
- •Mehanisms of action of laser radiation on biological tissues.
- •Mechanisms of action of laser radiation on biological tissues
- •Список использованной литературы :
- •Educational handout on medical biophysics kovaleva larissa valentinovna
Systolic and minute volume of a blood-groove
The basic physiological function of heart is forcing blood in vascular system. The quantity of the blood which is thrown out by ventricle of heart in minute is one of the major parameters of a functional condition of heart and is called minute volume of a blood-groove, or minute volume of heart. It is identical for right and left ventricle.
When the person is in a condition of rest, the minute volume is equal to on the average 4,5-5,0 litres. Having divided minute volume on number of reductions of heart in a minute, it is possible to calculate systolic volume of a blood-groove. At a rhythm of cardiac reductions 70-75 in a minute systolic volume is equal 65-70 ml of blood. Definition of minute volume of a blood-groove of the person is applied in a clinical practice. The most exact way of definition of minute volume of a blood-groove at the person has been offered by Fick (1870). It consists in indirect calculation of minute volume of heart which makes, knowing: 1) a difference between the maintenance of oxygen in arterial and venous blood; 2) volume of the oxygen consumed by the person in minute. We shall admit, that in 1 mines through lungs in blood 400 ml of oxygen have acted, everyone 100 ml of blood absorb 8 ml of oxygen in lungs; hence, to acquire all quantity of oxygen, which has acted through lungs in blood for a minute (in ours example - 400 ml), it is necessary that through lungs has passed 100*400/8 = 5000 ml of blood. This quantity of blood makes minute volume of a blood-groove, which in this case is equal to 5000 ml.
For definition minute and consequently systolic volume other methods are developed. Now widely apply some paints and radioactive substances. The substance entered into a vein passes through the right heart, a small circle of blood circulation, the left heart and acts in an artery of the big circle where is defined its concentration. First it wavy accrues, and then falls. Through some time when the portion of blood contained its maximal quantity, again will pass through the left heart, its concentration in arterial blood again increase.
Time from the moment of introduction of substance prior to the beginning of circulation is measured also a curve of change of concentration (increase and a loss) investigated substance in blood can be received. Knowing quantity of the substance entered into blood and containing in arterial blood, and also time which has demanded on passage of all quantity of entered substance through system of blood circulation, it is possible to calculate minute volume (MV) a blood-groove under the formula: MV=60∙I/C∙T
Where I - quantity of the entered substance in milligrams; C - its average concentration in milligrams on 1 litre, calculated by a curve of cultivation; Т - duration of the first wave of circulation in seconds.
Now the method integrated rheography is offered. Rheography (impedancemetry) is a method of registration of electric resistance of tissues of a human body to an electric current passed through a body. Currents of ultrahigh frequency and very small force are used. Resistance of blood is much less, than resistance of tissues; therefore increase filling of the tissues by blood considerably reduces their electric resistance. If to register total electric resistance of a thorax in several directions, then it periodic sharp reduction arise during the moment of emission by heart in an aorta and a pulmonary artery of systolic volume of blood. Thus the size of reduction of resistance is proportional to size systolic volume. Remembering the formulas considering the sizes of a body, feature of the constitution it used, etc., it is possible to define size of systolic volume of blood by rheographic curves, and having multiplied it on number of cardiac reductions it is possible to receive value of minute volume of heart.