9. Translate into Russian:

Addition (positive)

And, both… and, not only… but (also/ as well), too, moreover, in addition to, furthermore, further, also, not to mention the fact that, besides, what’s more, on top of that

The new manager’s well-qualified and energetic.

Addition (negative)

Neither… nor, nor, neither, either, to make matters worse

Neither our top manager nor our middle manager know French.

Contrast

But, not… but, although, while, whereas, despite, even if, even though, on the other hand, in contrast, however, (and) yet, at the same time, all the same, on the contrary, as opposed to

Our top manager doesn’t know French; however he speaks English fluently.

Similarity

Similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally

One can learn about various cultures by reading. Similarly, a trip to another country can do the trick.

Concession

But, even so, however, (and) still, (and) yet, nevertheless, on the other hand, although, even though, despite/ in spite of, regardless of, admittedly considering, whereas, while, nonetheless, still

They carried on working on the project, even though the first tests were unsuccessful.

Alternative

Or, on the other hand, either… or, alternatively

You can tell them the bad news, or you can let them find out themselves.

Emphasis

Besides, not only this but… also, as well, what is more, in fact, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth, actually, indeed, let alone

I’m afraid you are not qualified for the job and, what is more, you are far too young.

Exemplification

As, such as, like, for example, for instance, particularly, especially, in particular

All the reports were excellent, but Petrov’s one in particular was superb.

Clarification

That is to say, specifically, in other words, to put it another way, to be perfectly honest, to tell you the truth, by the way, incidentally

The manager is upset. Specifically, he’s upset about your poor performance.

Cause/ Reason

As, because, because of, since, on the grounds that, seeing that, due to, in view of, owing to, for, now that, so

The city is in ruins now that the bombings had become regular

Manner

As, (in) the way, how, the way in which, (in) the same way (as), as if, as though

The manager explained how the task could be performed.

Condition

If, in case, assuming (that), on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that), unless, in the event (that), in the event of, as/so long as, granting/granted (that), whether, whether … or, only if, even if, otherwise, or (else), in case of

We will contact you in the event we decide to take you on.

Consequence of a condition

Consequently, then, under those circumstances, if so, if not, so, therefore, in that case, otherwise, thus

You might be asked tricky questions. If so, don’t get frustrated about it.

Purpose

So that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that, for fear (that), in case, lest

Make notes in your vocabulary so as not to forget the new words.

Effect/ Result

Such/so… that, consequently, for this reason, as a consequence, thus, therefore, so, as a result, accordingly, hence, in turn

She had been revising for her exams too hard and, as a consequence, she had a nervous breakdown.

Comparison

As… as, than, half as … as, nothing like, the… the, twice as… as, less… than

Your results this term are nothing like the last term’s.

Time

When, whenever, as, while, now (that), before, until, till, after, since

I’ll call you when I arrive at the airport.

Place

Where, wherever

You can’t park your car wherever you want to.

Exception

But (for), except (for), apart from

Your report was good but for one point.

Relative

Who, whom, whose, which, what, that

Mrs Jones is the woman who is in charge of the company.

Reference

Considering, concerning, regarding, with respect/ regard/ reference to, in respect/ regard/ reference to this/ to the fact that

Considering all the evidence the jury found the accused “not guilty”

Chronological

Beginning: initially, first…, at first, to start/begin with, first of all, for a start, in the first place, for one thing

Continuing: secondly…, after this/ that, second…., afterwards, then, next, before this

Concluding: finally, at last, in the end, eventually, lastly, last but not the least

First of all, I’d like to tell you about the background of the problem…

Then, I must give various points of view on the issue…

Finally, I want to thank everybody for attention.

Summarizing

In conclusion, in summary, to sum up, as I have said, as )it) was previously stated, on the whole, in all, all in all, altogether, in short, briefly, to put it in a nutshell

To sum up the government must spend more money on public services.

Generalizing

Broadly speaking, generally speaking, by and large, to a large/ some/ a certain extent

To some extent this has been an encouraging year for the company