History of Nursing

Modern ideas about hospitals and nursing as a profession did not develop until the 19th century. The life and work of Florence Nightingale were a strong influence on the profession's development. Nightingale, who came from a wealthy, upper-class British family, dedicated her life to improving conditions in hospitals, beginning in an army hospital during the Crimean War. In the United States, many of Nightingale's ideas were put into practice for the care of the wounded during the Civil war. The care, however, was provided by concerned individuals who nursed rather than by trained nurses. They had not received the kind of training that is required for nurses today. The first school of nursing in the United States was founded in Boston in 1873. In 1938, New York state passed the first state law to require that practical nurses be licensed. Even though the first school for the training of practical nurses was started almost 74 years ago, and the establishment of other schools followed, the training programs lacked uniformity.

After the 1938 law was passed, a movement began to have organized training programs that would assure new standards in the field. The role and training of nurses have undergone radical changes since the first schools were opened.

Education standard for nurses have been improving constantly since that time. Today's nurse is a highly educated, licensed health care professional. Extended programs of training are offered throughout the country, and all regions have enacted laws to assure training standards to be maintained. Nurses are a vital part of the health care system.

	to require	потребувати
	to undergo	зазнавати, переносити
	establishment	заклад, установа
	to assure	запевняти, переконувати(ся), гарантувати
	constantly	постійно
	to educate	виховувати, давати освіту
	education standard	рівень освіти
	extended	тривалий, великий
	to enact	наказувати, вводити в дію, постановляти
	vital	життєвий, істотний
	to put into practice	практикувати, використовувати
	lacking smth.	нестача, брак
	wounded	поранений
	training programs	навчальні програми
	field	галузь

D anylo Zabolotnyi

Danylo Kyrylovych Zabolotnyi was born in the village Chobotarka (now - Zabolotne) Podolia in a peasant family. In 1885, Danylo joined the department of natural sciences of physics and mathematics faculty Novorossiysk University in Odessa. In 1899 he was expelled for participation in a student gathering and arrested. Later was released for health reasons.After graduation he went to work in Kamenetz-Podolsk.

In 1889-1891 he worked at the Odessa bacteriological station as a director’s assistant.

He was the first in the world who organized the Department of Epidemiology at the Odessa Medical Institute. Over 10 years (1900-1911) the scientist was fighting with cholera in Scotland, Portugal, on the Volga, in Odessa, Manchuria.

Danylo Zabolotnyi was a Ukrainian epidemiologist and the founder of the world's first research department of epidemiology. In 1927, he published one of the first texts in his field "Fundamentals of Epidemiology".

Zabolotnyi conducted groundbreaking research on a number of infectious diseases, including cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, plague, syphilis and typhus, as well as on gangrene. He studied the plague pathogen in detail, described the plague type, inquired into a question on plague vaccine and serum production, and discovered the natural plague centers.

In 1893 Zabolotnyi with John G. Savchenko made for himself a dangerous experiment: drank a live choleric culture after prior immunization trials to prove the effectiveness of immunization through the mouth.

Danylo Kyrylovych Zabolotnyi died December 15, 1929. His last words were: "My dear children - love science and truth! "

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peasant family department of natural sciences to expel to release research groundbreaking plague serum production prior immunization

сім’я селянина факультет природничих наук виганяти, виключати звільняти (з-під арешту) дослідження визначний, приголомшливий чума виробництво сироватки первинна імунізація