Human skeleton
Cartilage is also present as a cushion in many joints. A joint is a place where two bones meet. Bones do not always touch at a joint. They are held together by tough bands of connective tissue called ligaments. Most joints are also lubricated so that the body moves freely.
The Skeletal System and Health
Certain conditions must be present for bones in the skeletal system to keep healthy. Bones must receive sufficient amounts of the minerals, calcium and phosphorus to help bone formation. Milk and other dairy products are good sources of these minerals. Bones need vitamin D, which helps the bones make use of calcium and phosphorus. Fortified milk, sunlight, and fish liver oils are good sources of vitamin D. Hormones are important for bone growth. The pituitary gland produces a growth hormone that helps bones form and grow.
A balanced diet and regular exercise help keep your bones strong. A lack of calcium in a person's diet combined with a lack of exercise may cause osteoporosis in older people. Osteoporosis is a bone disease in which bone tissue becomes brittle and porous due to a loss of bone calcium. As a result, bone fractures are likely to occur, especially in older women. An adequate amount of calcium in the diet throughout life is an important factor in helping to prevent this disease in both men and women.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. |
limb cartilage joint ligament cranial facial jaw to chew to breathe vertebra/vertebrae cervical thoracic coccyx diaphragm stomach urinary wrist thumb thigh-bone tibia/tibiae
fibula knee-joint ankle extremity muscle cavity
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кінцівка хрящ суглоб зв’язка черепний лицьовий щелепа жувати дихати хребець/хребці шийний грудний куприк діафрагма шлунок сечовий зап'ясток великий палець кисті руки стегнова кістка великогомілкова кістка/ великогомілкові кістки малогомілкова кістка колінний суглоб кісточка, щиколотка кінцівка м’яз порожнина |
Use each word only once to complete the sentences:
a) cardiac muscle
b) cartilage
c) joint
d) osteoporosis
e) smooth muscles
f) tendons
g) voluntary muscles
1. Muscles are attached to bones by________
2. Two bones meet at ________
3. At birth, the skeletal system contains connective tissue called_____
4. Muscles over which people have control are_______
5. Another name for heart muscle is________
6. A disease in which bones break easily is ________
7. The internal organs contain ________
Review
Describe several functions of bone.
Why is bone marrow important?
Describe why calcium in the diet is important.
How do voluntary and involuntary muscles differ?
How does the skin play a role in maintaining body temperature?
How can you avoid getting athlete’s foot?
Translate the English proverbs and give the Ukrainian equivalents
1. “Hard words break no bones”
2. “Two dogs fight for a bone, and a third runs away with it”
3. “One foot is better than two crutches”
4. “Never tell your enemy that your foot aches”
5. “Stick and stones will break my bones, but names will never hurt me”
6. “Many physicians have killed the king”
7. “The town for wealth, the country for health”
Learn these words combinations. Make up sentences to show you understand the meaning
to be on one’s foot again – бути здоровим
to be on one’s back – бути хворим
to bring smb. to his knees – поставити когось на коліна
to bite the hand that feeds one – рубати гілку на якій сидиш
one’s fingers are all thumbs – дві руки ліві
skeleton in the cupboard – сімейна таємниця
the skeleton at the feast – шкіра і кості
a bone of contention – яблуко розбрату