Malignant tumor

Malignant tumor - a pathological process caused by uncontrolled cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Depending on the type of tissue, the cells of which turned malignant, differentiated carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma and other malignancies.

Unlike benign tumors, the cell structure of a “malignant” tumor is significantly different than that of “normal” cells. Malignant tumors tend to grow faster and can be more invasive than benign tumors. Malignant tumors are life threatening.

Grading

Tumors are also classified as Grade I through Grade IV.

The more aggressive and dangerous the tumor is, the higher the grade.

Why Cancer is Potentially Dangerous

A malignant tumor, a "cancer," is a more serious health problem than a benign tumor because cancer cells can spread to distant parts of the body. For example, a melanoma (a cancer of pigmented cells) arising in the skin can have cells that enter the bloodstream and spread to distant organs such as the liver or brain. Melanoma cells growing in the brain or liver can disrupt the functions of these vital organs and so are potentially life threatening.

Early Cancer May Not Have Any Symptoms

Some people visit the doctor only when they feel pain or when they notice changes like a lump in the breast or unusual bleeding or discharge. But don't wait until then to be checked because early cancer may not have any symptoms. That is why screening for some cancers is important, particularly as you get older. Screening methods are designed to check for cancer in people with no symptoms.

Cancer Detection and Diagnosis

Detecting cancer early can affect the outcome of the disease for some cancers. When cancer is found, a doctor will determine what type it is and how fast it is growing. He or she will also determine whether cancer cells have invaded nearby healthy tissue or spread (metastasized) to other parts of the body. In some cases, finding cancer early may decrease a person's risk of dying from the cancer.

Treatment:

- Chemotherapy

- Radiotherapy

- Surgery

- Nuclear Medicine

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

malignant tumor proliferation invasion life threatening grade to enter the bloodstream to spread to disrupt the functions a lump in the breast bleeding discharge the outcome of the disease

злоякісна клітина розмноження вторгнення загрозливий для життя стадія входити в кров’яний потік поширюватися порушувати функції затвердіння в грудях кровоточивість виділення завершення захворювання

Cancer

Cancer, known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a broad group of diseases involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invading nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not invade neighboring tissues and do not spread throughout the body. There are over 200 different known cancers that affect humans.

The causes of cancer are diverse, complex, and only partially understood. Many things are known to increase the risk of cancer, including tobacco use, dietary factors, certain infections, exposure to radiation, lack of physical activity, obesity, and environmental pollutants. These factors can directly damage genes or combine with existing genetic faults within cells to cause cancerous mutations. Approximately 5–10% of cancers can be traced directly to inherited genetic defects Many cancers could be prevented by not smoking, eating more vegetables, fruits and whole grains, eating less meat and refined carbohydrates, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising, minimizing sunlight exposure, and being vaccinated against some infectious diseases.

Cancer can be detected in a number of ways, including the presence of certain signs and symptoms, screening tests, or medical imaging. Once a possible cancer is detected it is diagnosed by microscopic examination of a tissue sample. Cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. The chances of surviving the disease vary greatly by the type and location of the cancer and the extent of disease at the start of treatment. While cancer can affect people of all ages, and a few types of cancer are more common in children, the risk of developing cancer generally increases with age.

1.	malignant tumors	злоякісні пухлини
2.	to invade	поширюватися, захоплювати
3.	bloodstream	кровоносний потік
4.	benign tumors	доброякісні пухлини
5.	dietary factors	фактори харчування людини
6.	obesity	ожиріння
7.	inherited genetic defects	вроджені генетичні вади
8.	to maintain healthy weight	підтримувати здорову вагу
9.	to detect	виявляти, діагностувати
10.	the extent of disease	стадія хвороби

Skin

The human skin is the outer covering of the body. In humans, it is the largest organ of the integumentary system. The skin has multiple layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Human skin is similar to that of most other mammals, except that it is not protected by a pelt. Though nearly all human skin is covered with hair follicles, it appears hairless. There are two general types of skin, hairy and glabrous skin.

Because it interfaces with the environment, skin plays a key role in protecting (the body) against pathogens and excessive water loss. Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, synthesis of vitamin D, and the protection of vitamin B folates. Severely damaged skin will try to heal by forming scar tissue. This is often discolored and depigmented.

In humans, skin pigmentation varies among populations, and skin type can range from dry to oily. Such skin variety provides a rich and diverse habitat for bacteria which number roughly at 1000 species.

Skin has mesodermal cells, pigmentation, or melanin provided by melanocytes, which absorb some of the potentially dangerous ultraviolet radiation (UV) in sunlight. It also contains DNA-repair enzymes that help reverse UV damage, and people who lack the genes for these enzymes suffer high rates of skin cancer. One form predominantly produced by UV light, malignant melanoma, is particularly invasive, causing it to spread quickly, and can often be deadly. Human skin pigmentation varies among populations in a striking manner. This has led to the classification of people on the basis of skin color.

Skin is composed of three primary layers:

-the epidermis, which provides waterproofing and serves as a barrier to infection;

-the dermis, which serves as a location for the appendages of skin; and

-the hypodermis (subcutaneous adipose layer).

The skin is the largest organ in the human body. For the average adult human, the skin has a surface area of between 1.5-2.0 square metres (16.1-21.5 sq ft.), most of it is between 2-3 mm (0.10 inch) thick. The average square inch (6.5 cm2) of skin holds 650 sweat glands, 20 blood vessels, 60,000 melanocytes, and more than 1,000 nerve endings.

	integumentary system	покривна система
	ectodermal tissue	ектодермальна тканина
	to guard	охороняти, захищати
	mammals	ссавці
	pelt	шкура, шерсть
	glabrous skin	гладка шкіра
	excessive water loss	надмірна втрата води
	DNA-repair	відновлення ДНК
	scar tissue	рубцева тканина
	UV(ultraviolet) radiation	сонячна(ультрафіолетова)радіація
	predominant	переважаючий
	malignant	злоякісний
	reverse	зворотний
	striking manner	вражаючий спосіб
	subcutaneous adipose	підшкірний жир
	average	середнє число