The Heart
The human heart is an incredible organ that beats between 70 and 80 times each minute, or about 100 000 times each day. The heart is about the size of a clenched fist. It weighs about 300 grams (10 to 11 ounces).
The heart is a strong muscle that lies under the sternum between the lungs. A fluid-filled sac called the pericardium encloses the heart. The fluid within the pericardium cushions the heart.
The myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart. Within the heart there are four chambers, two atria and two ventricles. A wall called the septum separates the two sides.
Blood Vessels and Circulation
Blood is continually circulating in a series of closed tubes that carry it from the heart to all body cells and back to the heart again. These tubes are called blood vessels. There are three main types of vessels—arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. Near the heart, arteries are large, elastic, and thick- walled. Away from the heart, the large arteries continually subdivide into smaller arteries called arterioles. Arterioles further subdivide to form capillaries. Capillaries are microscopic, thin-walled vessels that spread throughout body tissues. Capillaries connect arterioles to small veins called venules. Blood flowing through venules and veins is on its way back to the heart. The walls of veins are not as thick as artery walls are.
As blood flows through capillaries, some liquid enters into spaces between the body cells. The clear liquid is lymph. Lymph belongs to a part of the circulatory system called the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system contains structures that serve to filter harmful organisms in the body. These structures are called lymph nodes. There are lymph nodes in various parts of the body. These lymph nodes filter and destroy harmful organisms in specific areas of the body. Suppose you had a sore throat. Most likely, the lymph nodes located on the side of the neck would be swollen. Lymph nodes in the side of the neck filter germs from the mouth, nose, and throat areas.
1. |
clenched fist |
зігнутий кулак |
2. |
sternum |
грудина |
3. |
fluid-filled sac |
наповнена рідиною сумка |
4. |
atrium |
передсердя |
5. |
ventricle |
шлуночок |
6. |
septum |
перегородка |
7. |
blood vessels |
кровоносні судини |
8. |
artery |
артерія |
9. |
vein |
вена |
10. |
capillary |
капіляр |
11. |
clear liquid |
прозора рідина |
12. |
arteriole |
артеріола |
13. |
lymph nodes |
лімфатичні вузли |
14. |
harmful organisms |
шкідливі організми |
15. |
swollen |
збільшений, набряклий |
Translate the English proverbs and give Ukrainian equivalents
1. “Absence makes the heart grow fonder”
2. “A honey tongue, a heart of gall”
3. “A fair face may hide a foul heart”
4. “Kind hearts are more than coronets”
5. “Faint heart never won fair lady”
6. “It is a poor heart that never rejoices”
7. “The heart that once truly loves never forgets”
Learn these words combinations. Make up sentences to show you understand the meaning
my heart bleeds for - серце кров’ю обливається
the heart of the matter is – суть справи
in one’s heart of hearts – в глибині душі
to break smb.’s heart – розбити серце
to eat one’s heart out - сильно сумувати
heart upon one’s sleeve – щире серце
to loose one’s heart (to fall in love) – закохатися