Measles

Measles (also known as Rubeola, morbilli, or English measles), is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus, specifically a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus.

Measles is spread through respiration (contact with fluids from an infected person's nose and mouth, either directly or through aerosol transmission), and is highly contagious — 90% of people without immunity sharing living space with an infected person will catch it.

Signs and symptoms

The classical signs and symptoms of measles include four-day fevers and the three Cs — cough, coryza (head cold), conjunctivitis (red eyes), fever, anorexia, and rashes. The fever may reach up to 40 °C (104 °F). The characteristic measles rash is classically described as a generalized, maculopapular, erythematous rash that begins several days after the fever starts. It starts on the back of ears and, after a few hours, spreads to the head and neck before spreading to cover most of the body, often causing itching. The rash is said to "stain", changing color from red to dark brown, before disappearing. The measles rash appears two to four days after the initial symptoms and lasts for up to eight days.

Complications

Complications with measles are relatively common, ranging from the relatively mild and less serious ones like diarrhea to more serious ones such as pneumonia, otitis media, acute encephalitis and corneal ulceration (leading to corneal scarring). Complications are usually more severe in adults who catch the virus.

In developed countries, most children are immunized against measles by the age of 18 months, generally as part of a three-part MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella). The vaccination is generally not given earlier than this because children younger than 18 months usually retain antimeasles immunoglobulins (antibodies) transmitted from the mother during pregnancy.

	measles	кір
	aerosol transmission	зараження повітряно-крапельним шляхом
	contagious	інфекційний
	to catch (a disease)	заразитися (хворобою)
	anorexia	анорексія (втрата апетиту при фізіологічній потребі у їжі
	complications	ускладнення
	diarrhea	пронос, діарея
	rubella	краснуха
	to transmit	переносити, передавати
	pregnancy	вагітність

Mumps (epidemic parotitis)

Mumps (epidemic parotitis) is a viral disease of the human species, caused by the mumps virus. Before the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide. It is still a significant threat to health in the third world, and outbreaks still occur sporadically in developed countries.

Painful swelling of the salivary glands (classically the parotid gland) is the most typical presentation. Painful testicular swelling (orchitis) and rash may also occur.

The symptoms are generally not severe in children. In teenage males and men, complications such as infertility or subfertility are more common, although still rare in absolute terms. The disease is generally self-limiting, running its course before receding, with no specific treatment apart from controlling the symptoms with pain medication.

Signs and symptoms

The more common symptoms of mumps are:

• P arotid inflammation (or parotitis) in 60–70% of infections and 95% of patients with symptoms. Parotitis causes swelling and local pain, particularly when chewing. It can occur on one side (unilateral) but is more common on both sides (bilateral) in about 90% of cases.

• Fever.

• Headache.

• Pancreatitis, referring to inflammation of the affected pancreas.

• Orchitis, referring to painful inflammation of the testicles. Males past puberty who develop mumps have a 30 percent risk of orchitis.

Mumps is a contagious disease that is spread from person to person through contact with

respiratory secretions, such as saliva from an infected person. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, the droplets aerosolize and can enter the eyes, nose, or mouth of another person. Mumps can also be spread by sharing food and drinks. The virus can also survive on surfaces and then be spread after contact in a similar manner.

A person infected with mumps is contagious from approximately 6 days before the onset of symptoms until about 9 days after symptoms start. The incubation period (time until symptoms begin) can be from 14–25 days, but is more typically 16–18 days.

	mumps (parotitis)	свинка(захв.)
	introduction of the vaccine	введення вакцини
	threat to health	загроза здоров’ю
	painful swelling	болісне набрякання
	salivary gland	слинна залоза
	fever	гарячка, лихоманка
	chewing	жування
	headache	головний біль
	puberty	статева зрілість
	to spread	поширюватися
	surface	поверхня
	contagious	заразний, інфекційний
	to sneeze	чхати
	inflammation	запалення