Diet and cancer

There are certain guidelines for diet that may prove helpful in avoiding cancer.

Avoid obesity. Sensible eating habits and regular exercise will help you avoid excessive weight gain. Your physician can work with you to determine your best body weight since it depends on your present medical condition and body build and an appropriate diet to maintain this weight. If you are 40 percent overweight, your risk increases for colon, breast, and uterine cancers.

Cut down on total fat intake. A diet high in fat may be a factor in the development of certain cancers like breast, colon, and prostate. If you avoid fatty foods, you will be able to control your body weight more easily.

Eat more high-fiber foods. Regular consumption of cereals, fresh fruits, and vegetables is recommended. Studies suggest that diets high in fiber may help to reduce the risk of colon cancer. Regardless, foods containing large amounts of fiber are a wholesome substitute for foods high in fat.

Include foods rich in vitamins A and C in your daily diet. Choose dark green and deep yellow fresh vegetables and fruits as sources of vitamin A, such as carrots, spinach, peaches, and apricots. Good sources of vitamin C are oranges, grapefruit, strawberries, and green and red peppers. These foods may help lower the risk for cancers of the larynx, esophagus, and the lungs.

Include cruciferous vegetables in your diet. Cruciferous vegetables include cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprouts, and cauliflower, and may help reduce the risk of cancer. Research is in progress to determine the composition of these foods that may protect against cancer.

Eat limited amounts of salt-cured, smoked, and nitrite-cured foods. In areas of the world where salt-cured and smoked foods are eaten frequently, there is a greater incidence of cancer of the esophagus and stomach.

Avoid alcohol. The heavy use of alcohol, especially when accompanied by cigarette smoking or chewing tobacco, increases risk of cancers of the mouth, larynx, throat, esophagus, and stomach.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

guideline obesity appropriate diet overweight cereals strawberries cruciferous brussels sprouts cauliflower to lower the risk nitrite-cured food

директива ожиріння відповідна дієта надмірна вага злаки полуниця хрестоцвіті брюсельська капуста цвітна капуста знизити ризик їжа з додаванням нітритів

Being overfat, overweight, or obese

You are overfat if you are in excess of your recommended percentage of body fat. You are overweight if your weight is 15 percent above your recommended weight and you are also over­fat. A high school football player who is muscular may weigh 15 percent more than recommended in the insurance table, yet the player may have a very low percentage of body fat. Thus, this person is not considered overweight.

Medical Education in Ukraine. 26

urine electrolytes 41

Support Functions 136

Clinical Functions 137

Considerations 137

Training 137

Medical care for a pregnant woman 137

Operating theater 153

Preparing the patient for surgery 154

How to test for Parasites in the Intestines 157

1. Eat for Good Vision 168

2. Quit Smoking for Better Eyesight 168

3. Wear Sunglasses for Good Vision 168

4. Use Safety Eyewear at Home, at Work, and While Playing Sports 168

5. Look Away From the Computer for Good Eye Health 169

Eye response (E) 171

Verbal response (V) 171

Motor response (M) 172

Crossword 208

Crossword 223

Reproductive system 223

Bulimia is usually a disease of females. It has severe physical and psychological results. The purging pattern causes a loss of potassium in the body. This may result in abnormal heart rhythm and/or cardiac arrest. There may be damage to the kidneys from the use of the diuretic. Frequent vomiting causes tearing and bleeding of the gums, stomach, and esophagus. Stomach acid passing through the mouth promotes tooth decay. The parotid gland may swell giving the person an appearance similar to a chipmunk. The person with bulimia may have muscle spasms, a dry mouth, and brittle hair. They are also more susceptible to urinary tract infections and ulcers. The person with bulimia suffers from depression. Without psychological help, this depres­sion worsens.

The death rate from bulimia is difficult to estimate. Most persons with bulimia die from damage to body organs (the heart and kidneys) or suicide. Consequently, bulimia is seldom listed as a cause of death.

Treatment of bulimia involves medical and psychological help. As with anorexia nervosa, lifetime changes in self-acceptance and positive self-image must be made. If not, the person with bulimia will slip back into the harmful binge-purge pattern.

Review and Reflect

1.Why is anorexia nervosa described as dieting gone wild?

2.Why is bulimia described as eating gone wild?

3.Why are abnormal heart rhythm and cardiac arrest the most frequent causes of physical death from anorexia nervosa and bulimia?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

intense fear starvation self-induced vomiting laxatives diuretics eating binge loss of potassium bleeding of the gums tooth decay chipmunk susceptible anorexia nervosa self-acceptance

сильний страх голодування спровокована блювота проносні діуретики приступ сильного голоду втрата калію кровотеча з ясен карієс бурундук вразливий нервова анорексія самосприйняття

Diet

Diet is the food and drink that a person takes regularly day after day. The word diet also refers to the amounts or kinds of food needed under special circumstances, such as losing or gaining weight. Diet needs vary according to age, weight, condition of health, climate, and amount of activity. Dietetics is the science of feeding individuals or groups.

Normal diet, or a balanced diet provides all the food substances needed by the body for healthy growth and development. These substances are classified into six main groups: (1) water, (2) carbohydrates, (3) fats, (4) proteins, (5) vitamins, and (6) minerals. A balanced diet consists of a wide variety of foods. Fruits and vegetables provide important vitamins and minerals. Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dried beans, some dairy products, and nuts are rich sources of protein. Bread, cereals, and potatoes furnish carbohydrates in addition to vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Calcium and iron are the minerals most often lacking in the diet. Vitamins A and C, and folate, a B-vitamin, are often eaten in smaller amounts than are recommended. A diet that lacks any needed food element may cause certain deficiency diseases. For example, lack of vitamin C causes scurvy, and lack of iron, folate, or vitamin B12 causes anemia.

Good nutrition also includes eating the proper amount of food each day. Overeating can lead to obesity (fatness). Excess weight strains the heart and increases the risk of getting such diseases as diabetes and heart disease. Many people try to lose weight quickly and easily by following one of the many widely advertised fad diets. But these diets can be dangerous, especially if used over a long period of time. The safest way to lose weight is to consult a physician or dietitian and follow the program he or she prescribes. Most programs combine moderate daily exercise with a balanced diet that contains a limited number of calories.

Special diets may be prescribed for people suffering from certain diseases. For example, the healthy body needs sugar, but a person with diabetes must limit the use of sugar. Doctors may prescribe low-salt diets for patients with certain heart or kidney diseases.

Some people suffer allergic reactions from certain foods, such as milk, tomatoes, strawberries, wheat, potatoes, eggs, fish, nuts, chocolate, or pork. These people should avoid such foods and consult a physician.

Certain groups of people, such as young children or older people, have special dietary needs. Because children grow rapidly, they need food not only to replace worn-out tissues and provide energy, but also to build new tissue. A well-balanced diet for a child or an adult should include milk and milk products; eggs, lean meat, poultry, fish; or nuts, seeds, such as peas and soybeans; fruits and vegetables; and cereals or bread products. Older people need as many nutrients as children and young adults. But if their activity is reduced, they need fewer calories. Expectant or breast-feeding mothers and babies also need special diets.

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circumstances food substances to gain weight to lose weight carbohydrates fats proteins deficiency diseases scurvy folate excess weight to replace worn-out tissues expectant or breast-feeding mothers

обставини харчові речовини набрати вагу схуднути вуглеводи жири білки хвороби, спричинені авітамінозом цинга фолієва кислота зайва вага замінити зношені тканини майбутні або годуючі матері

Answer the questions.

1. What is diet?

2. What substances are needed for healthy growth and development of the body ?

3. What do fruit and vegetables provide ?

4. What food is rich in protein ?

5. What vitamins are most lacking in diet ?

6. Who is a special diet prescribed to ? .

7. What patients need a low - salt diet ?

8. What patients must limit the use of sugar ?

9. Who needs more food - children or adults ?