Vitamin a preparations are indicated:

- in case of violations of twilight vision to increase its acuity (transport workers, pilots);

- in an oil solution, vitamin A is also used for slowly healing wounds, burns, trophic ulcers, etc. in the form of abundantly moistened gauze bandages, for eye diseases - in eye drops.

Side effects:long-term use leads to the development of acute or chronic hypervitaminosis. In acute cases, headache, drowsiness, convulsions, nausea, vomiting, photophobia. In chronic - skin manifestations, hair loss, brittle nails, pain in the bones and joints, dyspeptic symptoms, headache.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, gallstone disease, chronic pancreatitis, pregnancy in the 1st trimester.

Tocopherol (vitamin E) - regulates oxidative processes, inhibits the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, prevents the formation of their peroxides.

Indications:treatment and prevention of hypovitaminosis; with spontaneous abortion; muscular dystrophy; angina pectoris; damage to peripheral vessels; rheumatoid arthritis; climacteric autonomic disorders; neurasthenia with overwork.

Side effects: Allergic reactions: itching, flushing of the skin; from the digestive system: diarrhea, nausea, gastralgia, dyspepsia.

Contraindications:hypersensitivity; severe atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, myocardial infarction, increased risk of thromboembolism.

Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol (vitamin D2 and D3) -contained in the fat of the liver of tuna, cod, halibut. Mechanism: increases the permeability of the intestinal epithelium for calcium and phosphates. It is absorbed in the small intestine, with lymph it enters the liver and the general bloodstream, in plasma it binds to alpha globulin, which transports to various organs.

Failure leads to the development of rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis.

Indications: - prevention and treatment of rickets and rickets-like diseases in children;

- in complex therapy used in osteopathies of various origins, in patients with orthopedic pathology (osteoporosis) or delayed consolidation of fractures.

Contraindications:hypercalcemia; hypervitaminosis D; renal osteodystrophy with hyperphosphatemia; pregnancy, lactation, hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

Side effects: constipation or diarrhea, dryness of the oral mucosa, headache, thirst, nocturia, polyuria, metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, asthenia, bone pain, cloudy urine, arrhythmia, drowsiness, myalgia.

Phylloquinone (vitamin K) - stimulates the synthesis of prothrombin, proconvertin in the liver.

Indications: as hemostatics for bleeding; hemorrhagic diathesis; with hemorrhagic disease of newborns; hepatitis; cirrhosis of the liver; chronic diarrhea; stomach ulcer; with uterine bleeding.

Contraindications:individual intolerance; pregnancy; lactation period.

Side effects:large doses lead to hemolytic anemia; allergic reactions; thromboembolism; increased blood clotting; hyperbilirubinemia.

4. Means used in the treatment of protozoal infections (amebiosis, leishmaniasis, giardiasis, trichomonadosis, balantidiasis). Classification. Mechanism of action. Indications for use. Side effects. Contraindications Comparative evaluation of drugs.

Amoebiasis: at any localization (metronidazole); in the intestinal lumen (quiniofon); in the lumen and wall of the intestine (tetracycline); in the wall of the intestine and liver (emetine); in the liver (hingamin).

Mechanism:amoebicidal, tetracycline inhibits intestinal flora and this inhibits the growth and reproduction of amoebas (indirect division). A side effect is diarrhea, emetine accumulates (damage to the CVS, gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, kidneys and liver). It is impossible for diseases of the heart and kidneys. Combinations of drugs are used: metronidazole + quiniofon.

Leishmaniasis: for visceral and skin (solusurmin), for skin (monomycin, metronidazole), topically (akrikhin).

Mechanism:bactericidal. Side effects - nausea, headache, rash, inhibition of hematopoiesis, ↓ blood pressure. In case of an overdose of solusurmin - unitiol. Contraindications: acute infectious diseases, intoxication, organ damage to internal organs. Monomycin oto- and nephrotoxicity. Akrikhin is not allowed for mental illness.

Giardiasis:metronidazole, aminoquinol, furazolidone. Mechanism: ↓ activity of enzyme systems, disruption of protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Side effects - dyspepsia, headache, allergies, inhibition of hematopoiesis. Contraindications: violation of hematopoiesis, diseases of the central nervous system.

Trichomoniasis: metronidazole, tinidazole, trichomonacid, nitazole. Mechanism: bactericidal action. Side effects - dyspepsia, tremors. Contraindications: pregnancy in the 1st trimester, lactation, hematopoiesis disorder, central nervous system diseases. Tinidazole is more active than metronidazole.

Toxoplasmosis:chloridine, sulfonamides, pentamidine. Mechanism: bacteriostatic (chloridine inhibits the transition of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid). Side effects - teratogenic effects, anemia, leukopenia. Contraindications: pregnancy, blood and kidney diseases.

Balantidiasis: monomycin, tetracycline, quiniophone.