3. Means that help stop bleeding (hemostatics). Classification. Mechanism of action. Indications for use. Side effects. Contraindications. Comparative evaluation of drugs.
Classification:
1. Coagulants
2. Inhibitors of fibrinolysis (antifibrinolytic agents)
3. Aggregates
Aggregates
Etamsilat (Dicinon). The mechanism of action is associated with the activation of thromboplastin and an increase in platelet detachment from the megakaryocyte. In addition, the drug reduces capillary permeability and improves microcirculation. Increases the number and activity of platelets, their
adhesion, reduces the duration of bleeding. Indications for use: prevention and stop
capillary bleeding during surgical interventions in otolaryngology, ophthalmology, dentistry, urology, with hemorrhagic diathesis, as well as with moderate, non-life-threatening intestinal, pulmonary and uterine bleeding
• indications: hypoprothrombinomy; severe bleeding; liver surgery; craniocerebral surgery
• side effects: allergic reactions; hemolytic disease of the newborn
• contraindications: injection into a vein and muscle is not allowed = widespread thrombosis = death
• Thrombin and hemostatic sponges are used topically.
Preparations of resorptive action include vitamins K1, K3 Vikasol.
4. Sulfanilamide preparations. Classification. Mechanisms of action. The nature of the action. Spectrum of action. Indications for use. Side effects. Contraindications Comparative evaluation of drugs. Classification:
1) Preparations well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (resorptive sulfonamides), creating a high concentration in the blood and organs:
Short-acting (<10 h)
"SULPHANYLAMIDE"
SULFADIMIDINE
Medium duration of action (10-24 hours)
SULFADIAZINE
SULFAMETOXAZOLE
Long-acting (24-48 hours)
SULFAMONOMETOXIN
SULFADIMETOXIN
Ultra-long acting (> 48 h)
SULFALENE
SULFADOXIN
2) Drugs that are poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, creating a high concentration in the large intestine:
phthalazole
sulgin
3) Preparations for topical use:
SODIUM SULFACIL
SULFADIAZINE SILVER
4) Combined preparations of sulfonamides with trimethoprim
SULFAMETOXAZOLE / TRIMETOPRIM
SULFAMONOMETOXIN / TRIMETOPRIM
SULFAMETROL / TRIMETOPRIM
Mechanism: It is due to the competitive antagonism of sulfonamides with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA).prevent the incorporation of PABA into dihydrofolic acid. Along with the noted sulfonamides competitively inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase.
Character: bacteriostatic action.
Effects: anti-inflammatory, neutralize toxins, hypoglycemic effect, diuretic effect, enhance antimicrobial effect.
Spectrum: (wide) 1) bacteria (cocci, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Clostridia, anthrax pathogens, diphtheria),
2) chlamydia,
3) actinomycetes,
4) protozoa (toxoplasmosis, malaria).
Sulfonamides are especially active against the following microorganisms:
- PNEUMOCOCCOV,
- MENINGOKOKKOV,
-GONOKOKKOV,
-HEMOLYTIC STRETOCOCCUS,
- CAUSES OF BACTERIAL DYSENTERIA
Indications: one. colitis, dysentery, enterocolitis
2. Infections of the biliary and urinary tract.
3. pneumonia, abscesses, bronchitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis, laryngitis.
4. Angina, otitis media, purulent meningitis, conjunctivitis, erysipelas
5. Dermatovenereological diseases (pyoderma, syphilis, gonorrhea, mycoses).
6. Treatment of wounds (only free from pus).
Side effects: Allergy, weakness, agranulocytosis. kidney stones, imbalance of B vitamins, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, visual impairment
Contraindications: allergic diseases, kidney and blood diseases, pregnancy, children and newborns in the first week of life, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, nephrosis, nephritis, acute porphyria, thyrotoxicosis, hypersensitivity to sulfonamides.
Combined preparations of sulfonamides with trimethoprim:sulfatone, poteseptil, bactrim, have high antibacterial activity, are well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Duration - 6-8 hours. Side effects - dyspepsia, allergies, inhibition of hematopoiesis.