Vocabulary

boost v – стимулировать, повышать

consumer n – потребитель

~ price index (CPI) – индекс потребительских цен

curve n – кривая (линия)

cutback n – сокращение, уменьшение

debt n – долг

bad ~ – безнадежный долг

debtors n – дебиторы, дебиторская задолженность

deflation n – дефляция

disinflation n – дезинфляция

hyperinflation n – гиперинфляция

inflation n – инфляция

cost-push ~ – инфляция издержек

demand-pull ~ – инфляция спроса

galloping ~ – галопирующая инфляция

~ premium – инфляционная премия (надбавка к реальной ставке доходности)

~ rate – уровень инфляции

core ~ rate – базовый уровень инфляции

~ target – запланированный уровень инфляции

interest rate – процентная ставка, норма ссудного процента, учетный процент

nominal ~ – номинальная процентная ставка

real ~ – реальная ставка процента

lend v – давать в займы, одалживать

lender n – кредитор, заимодавец

loan n – заем, ссуда, кредит

loan v – одалживать, давать в займы

~ out – выдавать заем

mortgage n – ипотечный кредит, закладная

adjustable rate ~ – ипотека с регулируемой процентной ставкой

fixed-rate ~ – закладная (ипотека) с фиксированной процентной ставкой

~ lender – ипотечный заимодатель

multiplier n – мультипликатор, коэффициент

nest egg – сбережения, отложенные «на черный день»

recipient n – получатель

surplus n – избыток, профицит

export ~ – активное сальдо торгового баланса; активный торговый баланс

yield v, n – 1) давать доход; 2) доход, процентный доход

GLOSSARY

• Consumer price index (CPI) is the most widely known price-level index. It measures the cost of purchasing a market basket of goods and services by a typical household during a time period relative to the cost of the same bundle during a base year.

• Cost-push inflation is an increase in the general price level resulting from an increase in the cost of production.

• Demand-pull inflation is caused by pressure on prices originating from the buyers’ side of the market. In contrast, cost-push inflation is caused by pressure on prices originating from the sellers’ side- of the market.

• Deflation is a decrease in the general level of prices. During the early years of the Great Depression, there was deflation, and the CPI declined at about a double-digit rate.

• Disinflation is a reduction in the inflation rate. Between 1980 and 1986, there was disinflation. This does not mean that prices were falling, but only that the inflation rate fell.

• Hyperinflation is an extremely rapid rise in the general price level.

• Inflation is a situation in which a decline in the purchasing power of money results in a rise of the general price level.

• Nominal income is income measured in actual money amounts. Measuring your purchasing power requires converting nominal income into real income, which is nominal income adjusted for inflation.

• Nominal interest rate is the annual percentage amount of money that is earned on a sum loaned or disposed in a bank.

• Real interest rate is the nominal interest rate adjusted for inflation. If real interest rates are negative, lenders incur losses.