Zigmund froidis კლასიკური ფსიქოანალიზი3 Sesavali

froidma warmoadgina pirovnebis Teoria, romelmac udidesi gavlena moaxdina mTel dasavleTis kulturaze. misma Sexedulebebma adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb udidesi dartyma miayena misi droisTvis miRebul da Seucvlelad CaTvlil cnebebs. am Sexedulebebma Tavisi praqtikuli gamoxatuleba janmrTelis da daavadebulis moqmedebis qcevis gagebisTvis Seqmnil urTules meTodSi hpova. froidisM ideebi da misi gamoCena afeTqebas hgavda, romelmac gaacamtvera gviani viqtorianuli epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sexedulebebi adamianis Sesaxeb. Mmisma gamokvlevebma adamianis bunebis bneli mxareebis Sesaxeb SesaZlebloba misca adamianebs gaecnobierebiaT SiSis bevri eqstremaluri mdgomareoba, romelic pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg gaCnda da is travmatuli Sedegebi, rac am oms mohyva yvela im qveyanaSi, romelic am omSi iyo Cabmuli. volhaimis sityvebiT, Znelia kacobriobis azrovnebis istoriaSi da TviT religiis istoriaSi ipovo adamiani, romlis gavlena iqneboda aseTi uSualo, farTo da mniSvnelovani

froidi fsiqikis im sferoebis Seswavlas Seudga, romelic im epoqaSi daxurulad iTvleboda filosofiisTvisac da zneobisTvisac. Mmisma Sromebma eWvis qveS daayena mTeli rigi kulturuli, religiuri, socialuri da mecnieruli akrZalvebi.

Ffroidis moZRvreba me-19 saukunis fsiqologiaSi gadatrialeba moaxdina. saqme isaa, rom am periodis jer empiriuli da Semdeg eqsperimentuli fsiqologia bunebismetyveluri meTodiT muSaobda. sabu

nebismetyvelo mecnierebebis brwyinvale warmatebebma ganapiroba fsiqologiaSi am meTodis gabatoneba. Aamis mixedviT es fsiqologia sulier sinamdviles, bunebismetyvelebis analogiiT, elementebad, SegrZnebebad da maT aslebad_ warmodgenebad hyofda. Xolo rTul fsiqikur movlenebs

asociaciuri kavSirebiT am elementebidan qmnida. amgvari midgoma SeuZlebels xdida pirovnebis, rogorc iseTi mTlianobis Seswavlas,

romelic elementebad ar iyofa. swored amitom fsiqologiis istoriaSi es periodi iyo fsiqofizikuri problemebis warmatebiT kvlevis xana, radgan maTi Seswavla garkveul donemde pirovnebis cnebis Semotanas ar moiTxovda. magram imis mTavar mizezad, rom es fsiqologia “usubieqto fsiqologia“ iyo, is garemoeba unda CaiTvalos, rom mecnierebis am safexurze fsiqika da cnobiereba gaigivebuli iyo. aracnobieri fsiqikuri SeuZlebel, winaaR,degobis Semcvel cnebad iyo miCneuli. Ffroidi Tavis werilSi “me da igi” ambobs, rom “filosofiurad ganaTlebul adamianTa umravlesobisTvis iseTi fsiqikuris idea, romelic, amave dros, ar aris cnobieri, imdenad gaugebaria, rom gamocxadebulia absurdulad da Seusabamod ubralo logikis TvalsazrisiT”.

froidis ganuxreli survili gaefarTovebina Tavisi Sromebis sazRvrebi aiZulebda mas mudmivad garSemortymuli yofiliyo megobrebis, kritikosebis da Mmimdevrebis cvalebad garemoSi. (cvalebadSi imitomac, rom SemdgomSi misi yvelaze mkacri kritikosebi swored misi uaxloesi mimdevrebi iyvnen). Ffroidi mudmivad axdenda Tavisi adrindeli Sromebis revizias da Sesworebebi Sehqonda masSi.

Ffroidis moZRvrebis mniSvnelobas TviTon froidic mSvenivrad acnobierebda da werda, rom kacobriobis Tavmoyvareobisa da TviTpativiscemis mimarT sami dartyma iqna miyenebuli: 1) kopernikis aRmoCeniT, rom dedamiwa ar aris samyaros centri, 2) darvinis TeoriiT adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb da 3) imis aRmoCeniT, Tu ramdenad did gavlenas axdenen Cvenze aracnobieri (ucnobi, gaucnobierebeli da zogjer arakontolirebuli) Zalebi.

zigmund froidi

mokle biografiuli cnobebi

froidi daibada 1856 wlis 6 maiss avstriaSi, moraviis qalaq fraiburgSi. (Aaxla Figi CexeTis respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis). mamamiss, pirvel colTan ori vaJi hyavda, xolo meore colTan Svidi Svili gauCnda, romelTa Soris zigmundi ufrosi iyo. oTxi wlis iyo froidi, rodesac finansuri problemebis gamo ojaxi venaSi gadavida sacxovreblad, sadac froidma Tavisi sicocxlis udidesi nawili gaatara.

ukve bavSvobaSi froidi Tavisi niWiT gamoirCeoda. rogorc TviTonac ixsenebs, is dedis nebiera iyo, dadamiss gamorCeulad uyvarda da, rogorc ufrosi, da-Zmebs Soris, ojaxSi garkveuli privilegiebiTac sargeblobda: mxolod mas hqonda calke oTaxi da navTis lampa, romlis Suqzec mecadineobda, sxva dedmamiSvilebi ki mxolod sanTlebiT kmayofildebodnen. gimnaziaSi is pirvel moswavled iTvleboda, iqac privilegiebiT sargeblobda da yvela sagans advilad da brwinvaled abarebda. FbavSvobaSi mas mxedarTmTavroba an ministroba undoda, magram ramdenadac im drois avstriaSi antisemituri ganwyobileba Zlieri iyo, mas, rogorc ebraels mxolod iurisprudencia an medicina SeeZlo aerCia Tavis profesiad. Aamitomac 1873 wels igi venis universitetis samedicino fakultetze Sevida.

studentobis periodSi masze didi gavlena moaxdina universitetis profesorma, im droisTvis sakmaod cnobilma fiziologma ernst briukem. Ffroidi briukes laboratoriaSi muSaobda, akeTebda damoukidebel gamokvlevebs histologiaSi da aqveynebda statiebsA anatomiasa da nevrologiaSi. 26 wlisam man samecniero xarisxi miiRo medicinaSi da erTi weli gaagrZela muSaoba briukes xelmZRvanelobiT. Mmas laboratoriaSi Tanamdebobis miReba surda, magram briukes im droisTvis am TanamdebobisTvis ori asistenti hyavda, romlebmac daaswres froids. Ffroidi, rodesac aanalizebs Tavisi cxovrebis am periods, akeTebs daskvnas, rom briukem , icoda ra froidis mZime finansuri mdgomareoba, faqtiurad urCia Teoriuli muSaobis nacvlad praqtikisTvis moekidebina xeli. Ggarda amisa, froidi Seyvarebuli iyo da xvdeboda, rom ojaxis SeqmnisTvis finansuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba iyo aucilebeli.

Ffroidma uxalisod mohkida xeli kerZo praqtikas; pirvelxarisxovnad misTvis mainc samecniero kvlevebis da dakvirvebis mimarT interesi rCeboda. Tavidan is qirurgad muSaobda, Semdeg zogad medicinaSi gadainacvla da Terapevti gaxda venis mTavar hospitalSi da fsiqiatriis im mimarTulebam gaitaca, romelic fsiqikuri simptomebsa da somatur daavadebebs Soris damokidebulebas da urTierTkavSirs exeboda. 1885 wels man miiRo venis universitetis profesoris prestiJuli Tanamdeboba.

1884-87 wlebSi froidma Caatara Tavisi mecnieruli gamokvlevebi kokainTan dakavSirebiT. Tavidan is gaocebuli iyo kokainis TvisebebiT:

“me Cems Tavze gamovcade kokainis zemoqmedeba, romelic Trgunavs SimSils, Zils, daRlilobas da erTiaTad aZlierebs inteleqtualur unarebs”-werda froidi. igi miuTiTebda kokainis SesaZlo Terapiul gamoyenebaze rogorc fizikuri, ise fsiqikuri darRvevebis dros. SemdgomSi man kokainis narkotikuli Tvisebebis Seswavla daiwyo da Sewyvita gamokvlevebi am mimarTulebiT.

1886 wels froidma briukes xelSewyobiT miiRo granti da parizSi gaemgzavra cnobili frangi fsiqiatris Jan marten Sarkos xelmZRvanelobiT samuSaod. SarkosTan froidi daeufla hipnozis meTodikas da exmareboda mas leqciebze , rogorc Tarjimani. Sarkos moswonda froidi, afsebda, rogorc karg mecniers da neba darTo venaSi dabrunebis Semdeg gadaeTargmna misi (Sarkos) statiebi germanul enaze.

safrangeTSi muSaobam froids gauZliera interesi hipnozis, rogorc Terapiuli saSualebis gamoyenebis mimarT. Mman saintereso TanamSromloba daiwyo cnobil eqimTan iozef breierTan da masTan erTad muSaobda isteriis dinamikis sakiTxebze. Aam gamokvlevaTa daskvnebi froidma ase Camoayaliba: “ isteriul pacientTa simptomebi damokidebulia maT cxovrebaSi momxdar uZlieres uaryofiT, magram daviwyebul gancdebTan (travma). Terapia mdgomareobda imaSi, rom hipnozis gavleniT pacientebs gaexsenebiaT da xelaxla ganecadaT es usiamovno movlena. (katarsisi). ramdenime xnis Semdeg froidi mixvda, rom hipnozi ar iyo iseTi efeqturi saSualeba, risi imedic hqonda, radgan hipnozi xSirad ver uzrunvelyofda mogonebas da sabolood uari Tqva mis gamoyenebaze. Amis nacvlad igi Tavisufali asociaciebis meTods iyenebda _ Txovda Tavis pacientebs gamoeTqvaT Tavisuflad yvela azri, rac TavSi mouvidodaT ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rogor ukavSirdebodnen es azrebi maTi daavadebis simptomebs.

1896 wels froidma am meTods fsiqoanalizi uwoda. Ffroidis interesi da azrebi aracnobieris mimarT, farTod ilustrirebuli misi pacientebis mier aRwerili sizmrebiT 1900 wels gamoqveynda saTauriT “sizmrebis axsna”. Tavisi ideebi froidma Semdgom ganaviTara axal naSromSi “ yoveldRiuri cxovrebis fsiqopaTologia”, sadac naCvenebia, rom Cven xSirad Cvendauneburad vamJRavnebT Cvens dafarul da ukve aracnobierSi gadasul survilebs.

TandaTanobiT froidis ideebi gaiziares da mis mimdevrebad iqcnen iseTi cnobili eqimebi, rogoric iyvnen Aalfred adleri, Sandor ferenci, karl gustav iungi, oto ranki da sxvebi. Aam jgufma daaarsa sazogadoeba, iwereboda statiebi, gamodioda Jurnali da fsiqoanalizuri moZraoba sul ufro farTod vrceldeboda. MMMmale fsiqoanalizuri jgufebi aTamde qveyanaSi Seiqmna.

1909 wels froidi leqciebis wasakiTxad miiwvies amerikaSi, masaCusetis StatSi q. vusteris klarkis universitetSi. Mmisi Sromebi gadaiTargmna inglisur enaze.

Ffroidma darCenili cxovreba moandoma fsiqoanalizis ganviTarebas, gavrcelebas da axsnas.. igi cdilobda SeenarCunebina kontroli fsiqoanalizur moZraobaze Tavisi rigebidan im wevrebis gandevniT, vinc mis Tvalsazriss ar eTanxmeboda da moiTxovda misi poziciis mimarT araCveulebriv erTgulebas. iungi, adleri da ranki mas Semdeg, rac Teoriul sakiTxebSi uTanxmoeba mouvidaT froidTan, ganudgnen mas da Tavisi originaluri mimarTulebebi daarses.

Ffroidis piradi cxovreba ar iyo advili .1919 wlisTvis man mTeli fuladi danazogi dakarga pirveli msoflio omis gamo. 1920 wels 26 wlis asakSi gardaecvala qaliSvili. Zalian mZime gancdebi hqonda Tavisi ori vaJiSvilis gamo, romlebic I msoflio omSi iRebdnen monawileobas. Aam istoriuli konteqstis fonze ganaviTara froidma Tavisi Teoria “sikvdilis instinqti” – sikvdilis moTxovnileba, romelic sicocxlis (gadarcCnis) instinqts upirispirdeba.

1933 wels faSistebma, romlebsac aRizianebdaT froidi da misi Semoqmedeba, misi wignebi berlinSi dawves. Aamaze froidi werda „ramxela progress mivaRwieT: Sua saukuneebSi isini me damwvavdnen koconze, dRes ki mxolod Cems wignebs wvaven”. M

Ffroidi uaRresad produqtuli mkvlevari iyo. misi Sromebi 24 tomSia ganTavsebuli. Ees aris narkvevebi, romelic exeba klinikuri praqtikis urTules aspeqtebs, leqciebis cikli, romelSic mTeli Teoriaa warmodgenili, specializirebuli monografiebi religiur da kulturologiur sakiTxebze. zogierT sakiTxSi froidi kategoriuli da ukompromiso iyo, zogierTSi ki Ria iyo kritikis mimarT da mzad iyo gadaexeda Tavisi poziciisTvis. Mmas eSinoda fsiqoanalizuri Teoriis damaxinjebis da araswori gagebis.

miuxedavad janmrTelobis gauaresebisa froidi agrZelebda kerZo praqtikas, adgenda Tavisi Sromebis katalogs da pasuxobda werilebs, (maT Soris ucnobebsac), romlebic ganusazRvreli raodenobiT misdioda da romlebSic adamianebi rCevas da daxmarebas sTxovdnen.

Ffroidis sicocxlis bolo wlebSi misi cxovreba gansakuTrebiT garTulda. 1923 wlidan is avad iyo – hqonda kibo piris da ybis areSi. mas ganuwyveteli tkivilebi hqonda da 33 operacia gadaitana. 1938 wels, rodesac avstriaSi germanelebi SeiWrnen, froidi londonSi gadavida da iq gardaicvala.