Karl rojersis humanisturi Teoria. Sesavali

“Tqven pirvel paemanze midixarT da, bunebrivia _ RelavT. deda geubnebaT: “iyavi iseTi, rogoric xar”. Tqven ki gindaT Tqvens megobarze STabeWdileba moaxdinoT da moewonoT. swored am urTierTsawinaaRmdego survilebSi _ iyoT iseTi, rogoric xarT da Tavic moawonoT, devs rojersis pirovnebis Teoriis gasaRebi. misi midgoma klinikuria, idiografiuli, amave dros fenomenologiuri, radgan individis fenomenologiur samyaroze axdens koncentracias, imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvams da ganicdis adamiani Tavis me-sa da gare samyaros. rojersis Teoria humanisturi moZraobis nawilia, sadac pirvel planze wamoweulia adamianis zrdis potencialis realizacia.” (pervini)

rojersi humanisturi Teoriis warmomadgenelia. gansxvavebiT fsiqoanalizisgan, romelic adamianis mimarT pesimizmiTa da uimedobiT xasiaTdeba, humanisturi Teoria optimisturia, igi adamianis, misi mamoZravebeli Zalebisadmi pozitiurad da imediT aris ganwyobili. sjera, rom TiToeul adamians gaaCnia janmrTeli da SemoqmedebiTi zrdis potenciali. Tu fsiqoanalizisTvis ganviTareba TviT pirovnebaze ar aris damokidebuli da mas “bneli” aracnobieri Zalebi marTaven, rojersis humanistur TeoriaSi maSinac ki, Tu adamianSi Cadebuli ganviTarebis potencialis realizacia ver moxda, (rac mSoblebis araswori aRzrdisa da sxva mavne zewolebis Sedegia), es Seferxeba SeiZleba daiZlios, radgan adamians SeuZlia TviTon aiRos pasuxismgebloba Tavis Tavze. Mrojersis erT-erTi mTavari Tezaa: Aadamiani TviTrealizaciis mimarTulebiT moZraobs da icvleba.

Aamave dros, rojersi Tavisi TeoriiT fenomenologiuri Teoriis warmomadgenelicaa. rojersis Tvalsazrisze gavlena moaxdina fenomenologiam, filosofiis dargma, romelic efuZneba uSualo gamocdilebas da aRqmas interpretaciebis gareSe. rojersi fenomenologias, rogorc adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebis safuZvels ganixilavda. misi azriT, fsiqologiuri gamokvlevebi unda warmoadgendes mizandasaxul, kargad organizebul qmedebas, mimarTuls Sinagani, subieqturi gamocdilebis gagebaze. misi azriT, swored Terapiis gziT miRebuli klinikuri masalaa fenomenologiuri monacemebis umdidresi wyaro. rojersis midgoma idiografiuli xasiaTisaa da ar nomoTeturi, romelic (nomoTeturi) pirovnebas ganzomilebebis, niSnebis Tu sxva zogadi sazomebiT udgeba. rojersi adamianis gagebis Tavis mcdelobebs yovelTvis klinikuri dakvirvebebiT iwyebda , xolo Semdeg am dakvirvebebs hipoTezebis formulirebisTvis iyenebda. HhipoTezebis Semowmebas ki ufro mkacri meTodebiT axdenda. Terapias is rogorc individis subieqtur “gamofxizlebas”(„SenjRrevas”) ganixilavda, xolo kvlevas ki _ rogorc obieqtur moqmedebas, romelic garkveul wesebs emorCileba.

mokle biografiuli cnobebi.

rom rojersis pirovnuli, cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba simptomaturad airekla mis mecnierul moRvaweobaSi da Sesabamisi mimarTulebiT warmarTa misi mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba.

rojersi daibada 1902 wels amerikaSi, ilinoisis Statis daba ouk parkSi protestanti mRvdlis ojaxSi, sadac izrdeboda mkacr religiur da zneobriv atmosferoSi. MmSoblebi did yuradRebas aqcevdnen bavSvebis aRzrdas da Tavidanve SeaCvies Sromas. TviTon rojersi Tvlis, rom ukve bavSvobaSi ojaxuri garemos gavleniT mas ori sakiTxisadmi Camouyalibda ganwyoba da interesi - es iyo moraluri da eTikuri sakiTxebi (rac religiis gavlena iyo), xolo meore _ interesi Bbunebismetyvelebis (sabunebismetyvelo meTodebis) mimarT. Eam ukanasknelis mizezs rojersi imiT xsnis, rom bavSvobaSi exmareboda mamas misi ideis ganxorcielebaSi aeSenebina ferma mecnierul miRwevebze dayrdnobiT, ris gamoc man soflis meurneobis sakiTxebze samecniero literaturis kiTxva daiwyo. Tu Tvals gavadevnebT froidis Semdgom cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas, vnaxavT, rom igi codnasac, paralelurad, am ori mimarTulebiT iZens: Tavidan man viskonsiis univerasitetSi sasoflo sameurneo specialoba airCia da ori weli am fakultetze iswavla, Semdeg ki sasuliero moRvaweobis dawyeba scada _ Caabara liberalur-Teologiur seminariaSi. magram aziaSi (CineTSi) 1922 wels mogzaurobis dros sxvadsxva erovnebis xalxTan da sxvadsxva religiuri doqtrinebis warmomadgenlebTan Sexvedris Semdeg eWvi Seepara konkretuli religiuri doqtrinebis sisworeSi, ramac Seasusta misi fundamentalisturi religiuri Sexedulebebi. amitom man miatova seminaria da daiwyo muSaoba roCesterSi klinikur fsiqologad bavSvTa fsiqologiuri daxmarebis centrSi.

rojersma 1931 wels daamTavra kolumbiis universitetis pedagogiuri koleji fsiqologiis ganxriT da miiRo filosofiis doqtoris xarisxi. swavlis periodSi, is “gaiJRinTa”, erTis mxriv froidis dinamikuri Teoriis ideebiT da, meores mxriv, mkacri, obieqturi, mecnieruli, statistikuri SexedulebebiT fsiqologiaze, romelic daxvda mas kolejSi. rojersma pirveli fsiqoTerapiuli gamocdileba swored bavSv Ta fsiqologiuri daxmarebis centrSi miiRo da ramdenime wlis Tavze gamoaqveyna wigni “problemuri bavSvis klinikuri movla”. amis Semdeg igi ohaios universitis profesoria, ganagrZobs muSaobas fsiqoTerapiaSi da magntofirze iwers fsiqoTerapiuli seansebis mimdinareobas. Aam monacemebma da pedagogiurm moRvaweobam biZgi misca rojerss gaeanalizebina Terapevtisa da klientis urTierToba, rac mis wignSi “konsultacia da fsiqoTerapia (1942) aisaxa kidec. 1945 wels Cikagos universitetSi rojersma daaarsa sakuTari fsiqoTerapevtuli centri, romlis direqtoric iyo 1957 wlamde.

1951 wels gamovida rojersis wigni “klientze centrirebuli Terapia”, sadac pirvelad iyo warmodgenili TerapiasTan erTad misi pirovnebis Teoria. wignSi moyvanilia gamokvlevebi, romlebic mis debulebebs asabuTeben: Mmkurnalobis procesSi rojersi mTavar figured Tvlida pacients, da ara fsiqoTerapevts. Ees siaxle iyo fsiqoTerapiaSi, radgan manmade iTvleboda, rom fsiqoTerapevtma yvelaferi icis, xolo pacientma ki _ araferi. rojersi pcientisadmi ndobas sul ufro da ufro gamokveTda da es midgoma detalurad aRwera Tavis wignSi “adamianis Camoyalibeba”(1961). rojersis wignSi “adamianis Camoyalibeba” aris Tavi – “es mea”, sadac rojers mocemuli aqvs adamianebTan 25 wliani fsiqoTerapiuli urTierTobis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli ramdenime principi:

1. “me aRmovaCine, rom adamianebTan urTierToba saboloo angariSiT ver xerxdeba, Tu me iseT adamianad vaCveneb sxvas Tavs, rogoric sinamdvileSi ar var.

2. me aRmovaCine, Tu raoden didi Rirebulebaa – ufleba misce Tavs, gaugo sxva adamians.

3. gamocdileba – CemTvis umaRlesi avtoritetia. . . swored gamocdilebas unda mivubrunde xolme yovelTvis, raTa WeSmaritebas mivuaxlovde; Cveulebriv, ase xdeba Cemi pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi.

4. SeiZleba swored is, rac CvenSi yvelaze metad piradi da unikaluria, yvelaze metad moqmedebs adamianebze, (Tu SesaZlebloba mogveca maTTvis amis gaziarebis).

5. piradad Cemi gamocdileba marwmunebs imaSi, rom adamiani, saboloo angariSiT miiswrafis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT ganviTarebisaken.

6. cxovreba Tavis saukeTeso gamovlinebebSi – es aris mimdinare, mudmivad cvalebadi procesi, romelSic araferia gaqvavebuli, dafiqsirebuli.”

rojersi pirovnebis TeoriasTan (akademiur fsiqologiaSi) praqtikidan-fsiqoTerapiidan movida da es ori mimarTuleba Tavis moRvaweobiT organulad da logikurad daukavSira erTmaneTs. “Teoria- es aris saqmianoba, sadac me SemiZlia Tavs subieqturobis ufleba mivce, xolo kvleva aris sfero, sadac me ganze unda gavdge da vecado obieqturad Sevxedo am mdidar subieqtur gamocdilebas da gamoviyeno mecnierebis eleganturi da mkacri meTodebi, raTa davadgino, xom ar vcdebi?” –werda rojersi.

Ppirovnebis struqtura

fenomenologiuri veli

rojersis mixedviT pirovneba gancdebSi mocemul mTeli gamocdilebis lokuss warmoadgens. am gancdaTa mTeli erTianoba qmnis fenomenologiur vels. igi moicavs yvelafers, rac potenciurad misawvdomia cnobierebisTvis da rac organizmSi yovel mocemul momentSi mimdinareobs. F”fenomenaluri veli aris orientciis individualuri sistema, romlis Sesaxebac mxolod misma ganmcdelma pirovnebam icis”. “empaTiuri daskvnis gareSe mas verasodes gaigebs sxva, anu zusti, sruli saxiT misi gageba sxvis mier SeuZlebelia.“ is Tu rogor iqceva adamiani, damokidebulia mis fenomenalur velze (subieqtur realobaze) da ara garemos realobaze. Famrigad, fenomenaluri veli aris TiToeuli adamianis mier danaxuli, “subieqtur prizmaSi gadatexili”, simbolizirebuli realuri samyaro. Amitomac, yoveli adamianis fenomenaluri veli unikaluria.

Ffenomenaluri veli ar aris cnobierebis velis identuri. cnobiereba anu codna aris Cveni gancdebis nawilis simbolizacia. amdenad, fenomenologiur vels yovel mocemul momentSi qmnian cnobieri (simbolizirebuli) da aracnobieri (arasimbolizirebuli) gancdebi. OamasTan, organizms arasimbolozirebul gamocdilebazec SeuZlia reagireba.

Aaris SemTxvevebi, rodesac gancdebis araswori simbolozacia xdeba. maSin adamiani arasworad iqceva. Mmagram adamians SeuZlia Seamowmos samyaros mimarT Tavisi simbolizirebuli gancdebi. realobasTan es gadamowmeba umtkicebs mas samyaros Sesaxeb sando codnas, rac mas realisturi qcevis safuZvels uqmnis. zogierTi percefciebis gadamowmeba ki SeuZlebeli xdeba, an araadeqvaturad mowmdeba, es ki ararealistur qcevas gansazRvravs da SeiZleba zianic moutanos adamians.

Mmagram aq Cndeba erTi mniSvnelovani kiTxva: rogor arCevs adamiani realobis mis mier asaxul subieqtur xats sworad asaxulisgan? ris safuZvelze xdeba faqtis sakuTar subieqturi samyaros fiqciisgan gansxvaveba? Ees aris fenomenologiis paradoqsi, romlis gadawyvetac rojersma moaxerxa:

is, rom adamiani fiqrobs an ganicdis, sinamdvileSi misTvis realoba ar aris. es mxolod misi samuSao hipoTezaa realobis Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba arc iyos swori. Aadamiani Tavs ikavebs manam, sanam ar gadaamowmebs am hipoTezas. Ggadamowmeba ki xdeba im informaciis, romelsac hipoTeza eyrdnoba, sxva wyaroebidan miRebul informaciasTan DSedarebiT da mimarTebaSi moyvaniT. (gaixseneT leqciidan samarilis magaliTi). Magram aseTi ram IsviaTad xdeulebriv, adamiani Tavis gancdebs(azrebs, percefciebs) rogorc realobis WeSmarit reprezentaciebs Rebulobs da ar uyurebs, rogorc hipoTezebs. Aamis sedegi ki aris mcdari Sexedulebebi rogorc sakuTari Tavis, ise gare samyaros Sesaxeb.

GGM me (Self)-is (me-koncefciis) cneba.

rojersis Teoriis centraluri struqturuli cnebaa me-s (Self) cneba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, individi aRiqvams garemosa da sakuTar Sinagan gamocdilebas da garkveul mniSvnelobebs aniWebs maT. swored am warmodgenebisa da mniSvnelobebis zogadi sistema qmnis fenomenologiur vels. fenomenologiuri velis is nawili, romelsac individi uwodebs “me”-s, “TviTon”, “Cemi” qmnis me-s (Self) _ me-koncefcias. misTvis me-koncefcia da self (me) sinonimebia.

rojersi winaaRmdegia Self-is I da Me-dE daSlis (gaixseneT jemsi), da Tvlis, rom 1. me CvenSi arsebuli patara juja ki ar aris, romelic Cvens qcevas akontrolebs. AaseTi instancia pirovnebaSi ar arsebobs. me (rojersTan me-koncefcia) aris aRqmaTa organizebuli krebadoba da 2. me eqvemdebareba gacnobierebas. Tumca individs gaucnobierebeli gamocdilebac gaaCnia, me-koncefcia, ZiriTadad gacnobierebulia. rojersis azriT, me-s aseTi gansazRvreba aucilebelia pirovnebis Seswavlisa da gamokvlevisTvis. Mme-Si aracnobieri masalis Cadeba obieqturi meTodebiT mis Seswavlas SeuZlebels gaxdidao –wers igi.

me, rogorc procesi.

me-koncefcia erTiani, struqturirebuli, organizebuli da Tanmimdevari geStaltia, romelic situaciaze damokidebulebiT mudmivi formirebis da cvlilebis procesSi imyofeba. GgeStaltis msgavsad Mmisi erTi nawilis Secvlam SeiZleba mTeli paternis Secvla gamoiwvios. „igi aigeba me-s aRqmis maxasiaTeblebidan, me-s garemosTan da sxva adamianebTa perceptuli mimarTebebdan da agreTve, im Rirebebulebebidan , romlebic am aRqmebTan aris dakavSirebuli.“ (rojersi). Tumca me-koncefcia mudmivad icvleba, igi struqturirebulobas, organizebulobas da mTlianobas mainc mudam inarCunebs.

amrigad, gansxvavebiT bevri Teoretikosisgan, romlebic me-s rogorc pirovnebis ucvlel, stabilur nawils ganixilaven, rojersisTvis me, me-koncefcia procesia, mudmivad cvalebadi da aramdgradi sistemaa. Aaqedan gamomdinareobs swored rojersis ZiriTadi Teza, rom adamianebs zrdis da ganviTarebis Cveulebrivi unari ki ar aqvT, aramed es maTi arsebiTi, bunebrivi da ganmsazRvreli tendenciaa. rom me-koncefcia aris adamianis mier sakuTari warsulis cxovrebiseul gamocdilebaze, awmyos movlenebsa da momavlis imedebze dafuZnebuli sakuTari Tavis Secnoba.