Pirovnebis fsiqologiis istoria

pirovnebis fsiqologiis mecnieruli Seswavla me-19 saukunis 80-iani wlebidan qaraqterologiis saxeliT daiwyo. Kam dros kvlevis ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanili iyo adamianebs Soris gansxvavebebis Seswavlaze, imaze, rac TiToeuli adamianis gansakuTrebulobas, mis individualobas gamokveTda. MmarTalia, im dros vundts fsiqologiis es dargi mecnierebad ar miaCnda, radgan Tvlida, rom igi ar akmayofilebda nomoTeturi poziciis kriteriumebs (radgan gansxvavebaze da individualurze iyo mimarTuli da ara zogadze), magram mecnierebis ganviTarebas Tavisi logika aqvs da mas Semdeg, rac dadginda, rom fsiqologia ara mxolod nomoTetir aramed idiografiuli poziciis moTovnebsac unda akmayofilebdes, swored es periodi CaiTvala pirovnebis fsiqologiis mecnieruli Seswavlis dawyebis TariRad. Tumca pirovnebis fsiqologiis mecnieruli safuZvlebi sistemis saxiT Sternma mogvianebiT Camoayaliba.

Mmagram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom me-19 saukunemde interesi pirovnebis fsiqologiis mimarT da dakvirvebebi, mosazrebebi Tu naivuri axsnis mcdelobebi pirovnebis qcevis da Taviseburebisa ar arsebobda.

ukve mas Semdeg, rac erTad daiwyes cxovreba, adamianebma miaqcies yuradReba imas, Tu rogor gansxvavdebodnen isini erTmaneTisgan rogorc garegnobiT, ise qceviT da xasiaTiT: zogi sxvebze ukeT mReroda, zogs ukeT nadiroba exerxeboda, zogi keTili iyo, zogi- eSmaki an boroti. EadamianTa es Taviseburebebi Tavdapirevelad xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi –zRaprebsa da miTebSi aisaxa. swored am pirvelyofil periods ukavSirdeba, albaT, adamianebisTvis cxovelTa Tvisebebis miwerac garegnobis safuZvelze. cxovelebis sisastike, sirbile Tu boroteba am periodSi gansakuTrebiTY advili SesamCnevi da mniSvnelovani iyo adamianebisTvis, romlebsac Zalauneburad maTTan uxdebodaT uSualo urTierToba maTgan dacvis Tu maTi moSinaurebis mizniT. zRaprebSi melia eSmakia, mgeli borotia, kaWkaWi molaybea, ZaRli erTguli da kata ki flidia da a.S. SemdgomSi, mogvianebiT, rogorc Cans, amis safuZvelze gavrcelda gulubryvilo Teoria ( romelsac SecdomiT aristoteles miaweren), romlis mixedviTac, Tu adamiani garegnobiT romelime cxovels hgavs, mas am cxovelis xasiaTic aqvs. MmagaliTad, adamiani, romelic hgavs melias – eSmakia, xolo is, viac saxe ugavs arwivs- sastiki da daundobelia.

N pirovnuli niSnebis, Tvisebebis mixedviT adamianTa Secnobis paralelurad gaCnda tipolgiebi, romelTa avtorebic Tvlidnen, rom SesaZlebelia adamianTa dayofa tipTa SedarebiT mcire raodenobad da rom imis codna, Tu romel tips miekuTvneba adamiani, SesaZleblobas mogvcems sakmao sizustiT viwinaswarmetyveloT misi qcevis xasiaTi sxvadasxva situaciaSi.

Zveli berZeni filosofosebidan, romlebic gansakuTrebiT dainteresdnen pirovnebis fsiqologiis sakiTxebiT, M hipokratesa da Teofrestes Sexedulebebs gamovyofT. MmaT ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli tipologia Seqmnes, romlebis Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, anglosaqsuri da kontinenturi Teoriebis prototipul Canasaxebadac ki SeiZleba warmovidginoT (yovel SemTxvevaSi, amgvari asociacia, udaod, Cndeba). Hhipokrates Teoria dResac Zalian popularulia da bevrisTvis nacnobi. Teofrastesi ki- SedarebiT ucnobia.

Hhipokrate. Kjer kidev me-4 saukuneSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde berZenma eqimma hipokratem Seqmna adaminTa tipologia temperamentis safuZvelze. Hhipokrates mixedviT adamianis organizmi warmoadgens oTxi gansxvavebuli siTxis – sisxlis(sanguis), lorwos (flegma) , yviTeliQ(qole) da Savi naRvelis (melanqole) Serevis Sedegs. romelime erTi nivTierebis siWarbe organizmSi ganapirobebs gancdebisa da maTi mimdinareobis siswrafis mixedviT adamianTa Soris individualur gansxvavebulobas. temperamentis es tipologia imdenad miaxloebuli aRmoCnda WeSmaritebasTan, rom saukuneebs gauZlo da DdResac Zalian seriozuli tipologiis avtorebs Tavisi tipologia masTan mimarTebaSi mohyavT (magaliTad, aizenks). isic unda iTqvas, rom saukuneebis manZilze hipokrates tipologiam garkveuli modifikacia ganicada (galeni), moxda misi gaanalizeba da ganzomilebebis gamoyofa (vundti), kantma kidev ufro daazusta pirovnebis TiToeuli tipis funqcia. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom hipokrates mier tipologiis safuZveli gulubryvilo iyo da efuZneboda imdroindel sabunebismetyvelo codnas (empedokles moZRvrebas samyaros warmoSobis oTxi stiqiis (cecxli, miwa, wyali da haeri) arsebobas.

hipokrates mixedviT arsebobs temperamentis oTxi tipi: sangvinikuri, qolerikuli, flegmaturi da melanqolikuri

sangvinikuri temperamentisTvis damaxasiaTebelia emociebis Zlieri agznebadoba, e. i. advili gamowveva, magram swrafi warmavloba. Aam tipis adamians grZnobebi advilad uCneba, magram maleve uqreba. Igi advilad axerxebs erTi moqmedebidan meoreze gadanacvlebas.

Sinaarsis mxriv sangvinikuri tipis admianSi Warbobs dadebiRi grZnobebi: mas axasiaTebs dadebiTi emociuri gancdebisadmi midrekileba. igi udardelia, optimisturadaa ganwyobili, samyaros vardisferi saTvaleebiT uyurebs; advilad Sedis kontaqtSi adamianebTan, keTilganyobilia yvelas mimarT, yvelaSi da yvelaferSi ufro kargs xedavs, vidre cuds. GgarSemomyofTaganac simpaTias imsaxurebs.

Aam ZiriTad emociur TvisebaTa garda am temperaments axasiaTebsmoqmedebisa da moZraobis swrafi tempi, cocxali mimika, grZnobebis Zlieri, uSualo-impulsuri gamoxatva da, sazogadod, fsiqikur procesTa swrafi mimdinareoba. sangviniki cocxali, moZravi adamiania, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas umtkivneulod aRwevs Tavis cxovrebis mizans, harmoniulia, rodesac alternatives winaSe dgas, Tu ra airCios, TiTqos intuiturad, Zalian advilad (bevri fiqris da wvalebis gareSe), Tavidanve optimalur variants irCevs.

Qqolerikuli temperamentisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia grZnobebis Zlieri agznebadoba. GgrZnobebi masSi swrafad aRmoceneba, xSirad afeqturic aris, magram sangvinikisgan gansxvavebiT misTvis ufro xangrZlivi da mtkice grZnobebia damaxasiaTebeli. igi konservatoria; UUuWirs axlis miReba, axal situaciasTan morgeba, amis gamo konfliqtSia Tavis TavTan: Zalian Znelad Tmobs pozicias maSinac, rodesac gonebiT xvdeba, rom saWiroa daTmoba; TiTqos raRac eqaCeba, rom Zvel poziciaze darCes. Ees, ra Tqma unda uaryofiT grZnobebs iwvevs masSi.

Dda saerTodac, GgrZnobebis Sinaarsis mxriv es tipi sangvinikis sawinaaRmdegoa. Mmas ufro uaryofiTi grZnobebisken aqvs midrekileba. isYyvelaSi da yvelaferSi ufro cuds xedavs, vidre kargs. igi xSirad gaRizianebulia, ukmayofilo, gajavrebuli. masTan urTierToba Znelia, Znela amyarebs adamianebTan kontaqts.

rac Seexeba mis reaqciebs – igi, iseve rogorc sangviniki swrafia, moZravi, energiuli da misi fsiqikuri procesebic swrafad mimdinareobs. qolerikic, sabolood aRwevs Tavis mizans, iRebs TavisTvis sasurvel pozicias cxovrebaSi. magram Tu sangviniks es advilad, Zaldautaneblad da umtkivneulod („TamaS-TamaSiT“) gamosdis, qoleriks igive xangrZlivi drois manZilze meryeobis, Tavis TavTan da sxvasTan konfliqtebis da usiamovno gancdebis fonze eZleva.

Fflegmatikuri temperamenti grZnobebis agznebadobis TvalsazrisiT wina ori tipis sawinaaRmdegoa. Mmas axasiaTebs grZnobebis susti agznebadoba. Eemociebi masSi Znelad aRmocendeba. Ees aris mSvidi, gawonasworebuli adamiani, misTvis ucxoa afeqtebi. GgrZnobebi aRmocendeba nela, gvian magram samagierod mtkice xasiaTs atareben da didxans ar qrebian. Aam mxriv flegmatiki sangvinikis sawinaaRmdego tipia, magram grZnobebis Sinaarsis mixedviT hgavs mas: misTvisac ufro damaxasiaTebelia midrekileba dadebiTi, vidre uaryofiTi grZnobebisadmi.

rac Seexeba motorul sferos, flegmatikebs axasiaTebT moqmedebaTa da moZraobaTa sidinje, auCqarebloba, grZnobebis gamomxatvelobiTi sferos siRareba ( maTi grZnobebi gareT ar vlindebian).

melanqolikuri temperamentisTvis gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTe belia midrekileba uaryofiTi emociebisken. is pesimistia. YyvelaSi da yvelaferSi uaryofiTs xedavs. amiT is qoleriks hgavs. Mmagram qoleriki mebrZolia, saboloo mizans mainc aRwevs. melanqoliki ki brZolisuunaro, TiTqos energiagamoclili pirovnebaa, romelic Tavidanve cudisTvis aris ganwyobili da cuds moelis am cxovrebidan.

melanqoliks moZraobebi SedarebiT modunebuli da zanti aqvs.

amrigad, temperamentis zemoTganxiluli tipebi or jgufad SeiZleba daiyos: grZnobebis agznebadobis TvalsazrisiT sangvinikuri da qolerikuli temperamentis tipebi erT jgufas Seadgenen (advili agznebadobis tipebi arian), xolo flegaturi da melanqolikuri tipebi ki _ meore jgufs (susti agznebadobis tipebi).

GgrZnobis Sinaarsis, e.i. emociis siamovneba-usiamovnebis mimarTulebis TvalsazrisiT sangvinikuri da flegmaturi temperamentis tip[ebi erT jgufs qmnian (dadebiTi, sasiamovno emociebi), xolo qolerikuli da melanqolikuri tipebi – meore jgufs (uaryofiTi, usiamovno grZnobebi)

miuxedavad erTgvari gulubryvilo Sexedulebisa, AWeSmaritebis marcvali hipokrates tipologiaSi mainc iyo: hipokrate temperamentis safuZvels da adamianebs Soris gansxvavebas organizmSi arsebul gansxvavebul nivTierebebSi xedavda. Tanamedrove endokrinologiaSi dadginda, rom temperameti mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebul hormonebze (anu organizmis SigniT arsebul nivTierebebze).

Aaqve isic unda iTqvas, rom berZeni filosofosebi (aristotele, platoni) ukve ganasxvavebdnen erTmaneTisgan temperamentsa da xasiaTs. xasiaTi niSnavda adamianis qcevas, mis damokidebulebas Tavisi Tavisadmi, sxvisadmi, Rirebulebebisadmi. temperamenti gamoxatavda adamianis vnebebis, grZnobebis Taviseburebebs, maT dinamikas.

Teofraste Mantikuri xanis meore berZeni filosofosia, romelic aris xasiaTis mixedviT adamianTa tipologiis avtori. Teofrastem pirvelma ixmara sityva xasiaTi (qarakter), romelic niSnavs gamokvveTas, anabeWds, adamianis mimarT ki gamokveTil Taviseburebas. Mman gamohyo maSindeli adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mkveTri pirovnuli niSnebi, da am niSnebis fonze ganixila mTlianad adamianis qceva. Teofraste iTvleba xasiaTis Sesaxeb pirveli damoukidebeli wignis avtorad. Aes portretebi asaxaven 30 gansxvavebuli, (magram mxolod uaryofiTi) niSnebis mqone adamianebs. Teofrastes daxasiaTebebi agebulia adamianTa qcevis dakvirvebebze, maT aRweraze da im dominanturi niSnis gamokveTaze, romelic gansazRvravs adaminis qcevas nebismier situaciaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom rom Teofrastes es fsiqologiuri portretebi imdenad daxvewilia literaturuli TvalsazrisiT, rom erTgvar mxatvrul etiuds warmoadgens. es daxasiaTebebi, moklea, Sekruli da, amave dros, sruli. Mmisi Tanamedrove berZnebis tipebi imdenad ganzogadebulia, rom maTSi mkiTxveli aRmoaCens yvela epoqis adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Teofrastem Cauyara safuZveli e.w. “literaturul qaraqterologias” _ erTi damaxasiaTebeli, mkveTri zneobrivi Tvisebis mixedviT pirovnebis portretis mxatvrul, lakonur etiudSi gamoqandakebas. misma wignma “xasiaTebi” didi gavlena moaxdina rogorc antikur, ise Sua saukuneebis filosofosebsa da moazrovneebze (mag. laroSfuko da labruieri). (vl. NnorakiZe).

Teofraste ase axasiaTebs utaqto adamians:

“utaqtoba – es aris SenTan urTierTobaSi myofi adamianis uxerxul(usiamovno) mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba. E Aai, rogoria utaqto adamiani: Tavisi saqmiT Zalian dakavebul adamianTan igi gaufrTxileblad midis rCevis sakiTxavad. Zmakacebi Tavisi Seyvarebulis gasacnobad mihyavs maSin, rodesac es ukanaskneli sicxiani Tavis saxlSi loginSi wevs. cixidan adamianis gamosaSvebad Tavdebad mdgomi sasamarTloSi saqmis damTavrebis Semdeg anu dagvianebiT midis. qorwilSi qalebis lanZRvas iwyebs. Aadamians, romelic es esaa daRlil-daqanculi dabrunda saxlSi saseirnod wasvlas sTxovs. SeuZlia adamianTan, romelmac garkveul fasad nivTi gayida miuyvanos myidveli, romelic am nivTSi mets SesTavazebs. Kkrebaze, sadac yvelasTvis yvelaferi naTelia, saqme gadawyvetilia da xalxi dasaSlelad emzadeba, mas SeuZlia adges da xelaxla daiwyos igive sakiTxze msjeloba. rodesac mis Tvalwin monas rozgaven, is iqve dgas da yveba, Tu rogor CamoixrCo erTma monam Tavi garozgvis Semdeg.”

Tu Teofrastes mxolod uaryofiTi xasiaTis niSnebi aqvs aRwerili Tavis “xasiaTebSi”, labruierTan garkveuli ganzomilebebis gamokveTis mcdelobacaa mocemuli, ris safuZvelzec adamianTa urTierTdapirispirebuli xasiaTi ikveTeba. aseTia labruieris mixedviT F gitoni da fedoni.

“ gitoni laparakobs Tavis TavSi Tavdajerebulad. Igi gaSlis did cxvirsaxocs da xmauriT moixocavs cxvirs. GadaafurTxebs did manZilze da cxvirs daaceminebs xmamaRla. . . sufrasTan da seirnobisas mas uWiravs meti adgili, vidre sxvas. Igi iWers yovelTvis centralur adgils da dadis mxolod Tavis TanabarTan. roca igi jdeba savarZelSi, fexebs erTmaneTze gadaidebs, quds Camoifxatavs, moiRuSeba da aravis uyurebs. An isev aiwevs quds da gamoaCens Subls siamayiT da Tavxedurad. Igi mxiarulia, gulianad icinis, mouTmenelia, Tavis TavSi darwmunebuli, ficxia, arareligiuri, darwmunebulia, rom niWieri da gonebamaxvilia. “

“fedons aqvs RvarZliani kompleqcia. igi abstraqtulia, mweocnebe da miuxedavad gonebamaxvilobisa, sulelad gamoiyureba. mas aviwydeba imis Tqmac, rac icis da hgonia, cudad gamoudis naTqvami; hgonia, rom xels uSlis imas, visac elaparakeba. EeCveneba, rom momabezrebelia, laparakobs civad da mokled. crumorwmunea, Warbad moridebuli; dadis sirbiliT da msubuqad, TiTqos Zlivs exeba miwas. Ddadis daxrili TvalebiT da ver bedavs Tvali gausworos gamvlelebs. igi arasodes ereva davaSi, imaleba im adamianis ukan, romelic laparakobs, frTxilad gaigebs imas, rasac igi ityvis da gaecleba, Tu SeamCnia, rom mas uyureben. Mmas ar uWiravs sivrce, ar aqvs pretenzia adgilze. igi dadis moxrili mxrebiT, Camofxatuli qudiT rom ar SeamCnion, ikumSeba, imaleba Tavis mosasxamSi. Tu mas sTxoven dajdomas, Camojdeba skamis kideze, laparakobs susti xmiT, cudi artikulaciiT, axvelebs, cxvirs ixocavs qudSi Tavis CamalviT. . . “

Aadamianis Taviseburebebis wvdomis erT-erT winamecnierul etaps warmoadgens fizionomikis saxeliT cnobili mimarTuleba, romlis arsic mdgomareobs garegnuli niSnebis (saxis nakvTebis, sxeulis nawilebis) mixedviT pirovnebis xasiaTisa da qcevis dadgena da winaswarmetyveleba. Eam dargis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli lavateria, romelsac zogi “yvela drois udides avantiurists da Sarlatans” uwodebda, zogi ki mis damsaxurebas fsiqologiis winaSe aRiarebda. unda vifiqroT, rom igi udaod niWieri adamiani iyo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi saxeli ar SemorCeboda istorias, Tumca SeiZleba misi Sefaseba orive mimarTulebiT _ gadaWarbebuli iyos. EerTi ki cxadia _ igi seriozulad iyo dainteresuli sakiTxis SeswavliT, rasac mis mier datovebuli traqtatic mowmobs, sadac garkveviT aris zRvari gavlebuli fizionomikasa da paTognomikas Soris. mis mier dadgenil am ganmasxvavebel kriteriums Tanamedrove fsiqologiac eyrdnoba. Ees ki imas niSnavs, rom lavateri adamianis qcevis gansxvavebul mizezebs acnobierebda da am mosazrebebs Tavis traqtaqtSi afiqsirebda: Ffizionomika adgens kavSirs sxeulis calkeul nakvTebsa da qcevaSi gamovlenil xasiaTis Taviseburebebs Soris (mag. nikapze Rrmuli am adamianis mtkice xasiaTze miuTiTebs; an maRali Sublis mqone adamiani Wkviania). sxeulis nakvTebi SedarebiT myari da ucvlelia, iseve rogorc xasiaTis niSnebi. paTognomikis SemTxvevaSi ki xdeba sxeulebrivi gamoxatulebebis im momentis emociur mdgomareobasTan dakavSireba (magaliTad, muStebis SekumSva, wamowiTleba da sxv. gabrazebis dros). sxeulis es mdgomareobebi gansxvavebiT fizionomikisgan – droebiTi, warmavalia, iseve rogorc TviT emociebi.