Gordon olportis pirovnuli niSnis Teoria

gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebSi, rodesac fsiqologebi biheviorizmis obieqtisturi da mkacri kvantifikaciis (raodenobrivi analizis) poziciasa da aracnobieri motivaciis aRiarebas Soris akeTebdnen arCevans, Ggordon olporti Tavis sakuTar, originalur gzas miuyveboda da calkeuli pirovnebis, misi individualobis Tvisobrivi Seswavlis aucileblobas amtkicebda da xazs usvamda cnobier motivacias.

Oolportis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena moxdines viliam Sternma, uiliam jemsma da uiliam makdaugolma. Mmisi fsiqologia amerikuli da evropuli fsiqologiuri gamocdilebis nazavia. Sternis gavleniT is skeptikurad ganewyo fsiqologiaSi bunebismetyveluri meTodebis gamoyenebisadmi, magram Seisisxlxorca interesi individis unikalobisadmi da aRiara pirovnebisa da qcevis kongruentuloba. jemsis Sromebma asaxva hpova mis humanistur orientaciisa da me-s mimarT interesis CamoyalibebaSi. weris brwyinvale stiliTac igi jemss hgavs. Mmak-daugalis fsiqologiasTan ki mas aaxloebs motivaciuri cvladebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli interesi, genetikuri da konstituciuri faqtorebis mniSvnelovani rolis aRiareba da ego-s warmodgenebis gamoyeneba.

Oolporti ar iyo nomoTeturi midgomis winaaRmdegi, (rogorc zogjer fiqroben xolme), magram, amave dros, ideografiuli xasiaTis kvlevebs aucileblobaze miuTiTebda. (am ukanasknels is morfogenetikur kvlevebs uwodebda) da TviTonac cdilobda yoveli konkretuli adamianis dawvrilebiT gamokvlevas. Tu nomoTeturi meTodebi monacemebs adamianTa jgufis (bevri adamianis) gamokvleviT iReben, morfogenetikuri meTodebi calkeuli adamianis monacemebis Seswavlazea mimarTuli. Mmorfogenetikurma meTodebma SeiZleba didi informacia gamoavlinon erTi adamianis Sesaxeb, romelic Semdeg SeiZleba sxva adamianebzec iqnas gadatanili da ganzogadebuli. nomoTeturi meTodebi ki iReben informacias bevri adamianis Sesaxeb, magram mas mxolod garkveuli (ara didi) mniSvneloba hqondes calkeuli individisTvis.

Oolporti partikularizmis winaaRmdegi iyo (anu Teoriebisa, romlebic mxolod erTaderT midgomas cnobdnen) da afrTxilebda mecnierebs, rom “ ar daeviwyaT is, rasac uaryofdnen”. Ees ki imas niSnavs, rom arc erTi Teoria, olportis azriT, ar SeiZleba iyos amomwuravi, da rom verc erTi calke aRebuli Teoria ver daitevs da ver SeZlebs srulad adamianis bunebis axsnas. Oolporti aRiarebda froidis, ketelis, skineris damsaxurebas, magram Tvlida, rom maT Teoriebsac ar SeuZliaT axsnan mzardi da mudmivad cvalebadi adamianis qceva. maslous da rojersis aqtualizaciis da ganviTarebis Teoriam, TviT olportis Teoriamac Tavisi, axleburi xedva daumates im saZirkvels, romelsac safuZveli Cauyares fsiqoanalizma da swavlis Teoriam, magram arc erTi maTgani ar aris amomwuravi. swored amitomac olporti partikularizmTan SedarebiT upiratesobas ekleqtizms aniWebda, radgan es ukanaskneli naklebad iTxovs SezRudvebs da imeds ufro unikaluri da mTliani pirovnebis gagebaze amyarebs.

pirovnebis cneba

Oolportis Teoriis centraluri cneba pirovnebaa. Ees aris instancia, romelic organizebas ukeTebs mTel samyaros. olportis mixedviT pirovnebis yvelaze zogadi gansazRvrebaa – “pirovneba obieqturi realobaa”. AgreTve: “pirovneba aris raRac” da akeTebs ‘raRacas” (raRacaSi igulisxmeba realuri ram. d.f.). pirovneba aris is, rac arsebobs konkretuli qcevebis miRma TviT individSi”

igi gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT cdilobs pirovnebis cnebis dazustebas. Tavis pirvel fundamentur wignSi: “pirovneba: fsiqologiuri interpretacia” (1937) man ganixila personis (persona) cnebis etimologia, daukavSira ZvelberZnul, etruskul, laTinur Zirebs; Semdeg ganixila sxvadasxva sferosa Tu sxvadasxva mecnierebaSi gamoyenebuli pirovnebis 49 gansazRvreba, romelic 7 klasad daajgufa (etimologiuri, Teologiuri, iuridiuli, sociologiuri, filosofiuri,) erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi moiyvana, Seajera da Camoayaliba pirovnebis amomwuravi fsiqologiuri gansazRvreba:

pirovneba aris individis SigniT fsiqofizikuri sistemebis dinamiuri organizacia, romelic gansazRvravs mis unikalur Seguebas garemosTan. SemdgomSi olportma gansazRvrebis bolo fraza Secvala

sityvebiT : “gansazRvravs mis Tavisebur qcevasa da azrovnebas”. AamiT olportma xazi gausva da gamokveTa Tavisi Sexeduleba, rom adamianebi ubralod ki ar eguebian garemos, aramed gaazrebulad urTierTqmedeben masTan.

GgansazRvrebis sityvebSi “dinamiuri organizacia” igulisxmeba pirovnebis sxvadasxva nawilis integracia da urTierTkavSiri. marTalia, pirovnebis organizacia garkveuli Sablonis mixedviT xdeba, magram es struqtura mudmiv cvlilebas eqvemdebareba. swored amitom iyenebs sityva dinamiurs olporti. Ppirovneba ar aris statikuri struqtura, igi mudmiv mzardi da cvalebadi xasiaTisaa.

sityvebi “fsiqofizikuri sistemebi” gamokveTen pirovnebis rogorc fsiqikuri (gonieri) ise fizikuri (sxeuli) aspeqtebis mniSvnelobas.

unikaluroba ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom pirovnba procesic aris da produqtic; arsic da cvlilebac; struqturac da zrda-ganviTarebac.

Aamrigad, olportisTvis pirovneba damkvirveblis mier Seqmnili konstruqti ar aris. ar aris is arc niRabi da arc mxolod sxva adamianis gamoCenaze damokidebuli adamiani. Ppirovneba realurad arsebobs, romelsac Tanmxlebi nervuli da fiziologiuri pirobebi gaaCnia.

pirovnebas da xasiaTs xSirad, rogorc sinonimebs xmaroben. olportisTvis xasiaTi SefasebiTi kategoriaa. XasiaTis aRwerisas xSirad gamoiyeneba sityvebi “kargi, cudi”. Aamitom xasiaTi ufro eTikuri cnebaa da “sjobs xasiaTi ganvsazRvroT, rogorc Sefasebuli pirovneba, xolo pirovneba ki –xasiaTo Sefasebis gareSe”-wers olporti.

temperamentsac da pirovnebasac xSirad erTi mniSvnelobiT xmaroben, rac aseve ar aris swori. temperamenti dakavSirebulia iseT dispoziciebTan, romlebic biologiur da fiziologiur determinantebs ukavSirdeba, da Sesabamisad ganviTarebis procesSi SedarebiT naklebad icvleba. Aam SemTxvevaSi memkvidreoba ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, vidre pirovnebis sxva aspeqtebi.

pirovnuli niSani

pirovnuli niSani, olportis mixedviT, aris iseTi neirofsiqologiuri struqtura romelsac ZaluZs gardaqmnas mravali stimuli funqcionalur eqvivalentad; da agreTve, gamoiwvios da gansazRvros eqvivalenturi qcevis (SedarebiT stabiluri) formebi da stili

sxva sityvebiT ki - niSani es aris pirovnebis winaswari ganwyoba-mzaoba imisaTvis, rom ganaxorcielos msgavsi qceva sxvadasxva situaciaSi. es niSnebi yalibdebian da viTardebian situaciebs Soris msgavsebebis aRmoCenis safuZvelze. mag. Tu Cven mraval situacias erTsa da imave mniSvnelobas mivaniWebT, maSin, Sesabamisad, msgavsi reaqciac gveqneba yvela mocemuli situaciis mimarT. amave dros SesaZlebelia rom niSani Tavadac qmnides da iwvevdes situacias, sadac mas srulfasovani gamomJRavnebis saSualeba miecema.

pirovnuli niSani qcevis rogorobis maxasiaTebelia. pirovnuli niSani xasiaTis Taviseburebas gamoxatavs an unarebs da SesaZleblobebs aRniSnavs. pirovnuli niSnebia- uxeSi, keTili, mflangveli an aseTi Tu iseTi inteleqtis mqone. yvela SemTxvevaSi niSani moicavs informacias mosalodneli qcevis Sesaxeb.

olportisTvis niSani pirovnebis bazisuri erTeulia. NniSnebi realurad arseboben da maTi adgili nervul sistemaSia. Isini ganzogadebul pirovnul dispoziciebs warmoadgenen, romlebic xsnian pirovnebis konsistentobas drosa da situaciaSi (ramdenad myari da Sinaganad SeTanxmebulia pirovneba situaciidan situaciamde da droSi). NniSnebs sami ZiriTadi Tviseba gaaCniaT- sixSire, intensioba da situaciis diapazoni. MmagaliTad, Zalian damjeri adamiani am Tvisebas situaciaTa farTo diapazonSi avlens.

jer kidev 1936 wels olportma odbentTan erTad „vebsteris axali saerTaSoriso leqsikonidan” amowera pirovnebisa da pirovnebis Taviseburebebis aRmniSvneli 4 000 sityva. AamaTgan nawili warmo –adgens pirovnul niSnebs (trait)- stabilur maxasiaTeblebs, rogoricaa magaliTad, komunikabeluri, morcxvi, gambedavi, introvertirebuli. da sxv. sityvaTa meore jgufi aRniSnavs e.w. mdgomareobebs, romlebic pirovnebis droebiT maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen, swrafad mimdinareoben da gare mizezebiT arian gamowveulni. magaliTad, gajavrebuli, kmayofili. Mmesame jgufi SefasebiTi maxasiaeblebia, magaliTad, usiamovno, mSvenieri. Yyvela danarCeni ki fizikur niSnebs miekuTvneboda, mag. maRali, msuqani.

olporti pirovnuli niSnebis or did jgufs gamohyofs -zogad niSnebs da individualurs niSnebs.

zogadi niSani ewodeba iseT niSnebs, romlebic adamianTa erTmaneTTan Sedarebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. zogadi niSnebi SeiZleba mocemuli kulturis mraval adamians axasiaTebdes, rac aixsneba imiT rom am kulturis adamianebi ganicdian msgavs evoluciur da socialur zegavlenas. Cven SegviZlia individebi am saerTo niSnis arsebobisa da maTi gamovlenis xarisxiTac ki SevafasoT. rogorc aRmoCnda, mTel rig zogad niSans sazogadoebaSi gamovlenis normaluri ganawileba axasiaTebs. olportma gamoiyena testebi da gaaanaliza dominantoba-daqvemdebarebaze Catarebuli cdebis Sedegebi. man miiRo normaluri ganawilebis mrudi. "zaris" SuaSi moTavsdnen c.p-ebi, romlebsac hqondaT saSualo, tipiuri maCveneblebi. napirebisken-is c.p-ebi, romelTa Sedegebic ukidures niSnebulebze ganTavsda. amrigad, olportis mixedviT, dominanturoba-daqvemdebarebuloba zogadi niSania da kvlevis Sedegebi am niSnis sazogadoebaSi normalurad ganawilebaze miuTiTeben.

individualuri niSnebis safuZvelze ki calkeuli adamianis Seswavla xdeba. dasawyisSi moyvanil pirovnuli niSnis gansazRvrebas olportma mogvianebiT daumata sityvebi “yoveli individisTvis specifikuri”, riTac warmoadgina individualuri niSnis sruli gansazRvreba: pirovnuli niSani, olportis mixedviT, aris iseTi, yoveli individisTvis specifikuri neirofsiqologiuri struqtura romelsac ZaluZs gardaqmnas mravali stimuli funqcionalur eqvivalentad; da agreTve, gamoiwvios da gansazRvros eqvivalenturi qcevis (SedarebiT stabiluri) formebi da stili. individualuri niSani gulisxmobs iseT maxasiaTeblebs, romlis mixedviTac adamianebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba Znelia. igi unikaluria individisaTvis da zustad asaxavs mis pirovnul struqturas. imisaTvis rom adeqvaturad aRvweroT pirovneba, saWiroa swored mis individualur niSnebs SevexoT da amisaTvis ki avtori gvTavazobs gamoviyenoT iseTi wyaroebi, rogoricaa: SemTxvevaTa analizi, klinikuri meTodi, dakvirvebebi, dRiurebi, werilebi da sxva.

olporti individualur niSnebs individualur dispoziciebs uwodebs da gamoyofs maT sam saxes:

1)kardinaluri dispozicia- aris motivaciis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze Zlieri da, amave dros, iSviaTi pirovnuli niSani. kardinaluri niSnis arSemCneva SeuZlebelia. Ees aris pirovnebis dominanturi maxasiaTebeli, romelic mTel mis cxovrebas gansazRvravs. AadamianTa umravlesobas kardinaluri dispozicia ar gaaCnia. AadamianTa mxolod mcire nawilia, romlebic swored Tavisi am niSniT arian cnobilni. kardinaluri dispoziciebis sailustraciod olports mohyavs im istoriuli pirovnebebisa da literaturuli personaJebis magaliTebi, romelTac imdenad gamokveTili dispoziciebi hqondaT, rom maTi saxelebi sazogado saxelebad iqca. sityvebi “donkixoturi”, “sadisturi”, “narcisuli” donJuani”, “kvaWi kvaWantiraZe” da sxva swored aseTi kardinaluri dispoziciebis magaliTebs warmoadgenen. magram ramdenadac kardinaluri dispoziciebi individualuria da aravisSi ar meordeba _ mxolod don-kixoti iceoda donkixoturad, mxolod narcisi iyo aseTi, amitom, es maTi kardinaluri Tvisebaa. Xolo Tu am saxelwodebas gamoviyenebT sxva adamianis dasaxasiaTeblad, is ukve zogad niSnad iqceva.

2)centraluri dispoziceiebi. Oes aris niSnebi, romlebic SeiZleba CamoTvalos adamianma meore, misTvis sakmaod kargad nacnobi pirovnebis daxasiaTebisas. ramdeni centraluri dispozicia SeiZleba hqondes saSualod adamians? Oolportma Caatara Tavisi studentebis gamokiTxva: sTxova, CamoeTvalaT Tavisi kargi nacnobis is arsebiTi Tvisebebi, romlebic, maTi azriT, yvelaze metad axasiaTebda da gamoavlenda mis pirovnebas. aseTi niSani, saSualod, 7,2 iyo.

3)meoradi dispoziciebi pirovnebis is maxasiaTeblebia, romlebic SedarebiT zedapirulia da naklebad gamosadegia pirovnebis daxasiaTebisas. Aam kategoriaSi SeiZleba moxvdes specifikuri atitudebi da sxva situaciurad ganpirobebuli maxasiaTeblebi. magaliTad garkveuli saxis musikisTvis, an Cacmis stilisTvis upiratesobis micema (amoCemeba). Yyvela adamians aqvs bevri meoradi dispozicia, romelic, TavisTavad, ar aris mniSvnelovani niSani am pirovnebis dasaxasiaTeblad, magram, romelic met-naklebad regularulad vlindeba da adamianis qcevis bevr specifikur moments gansazRvravs.

M motivaciuri da stilisturi dispoziciebi. Yyvela pirovnuli niSani dinamiuria im azriT, rom motivaciuri Zala gaaCniaT da qcevis gamowvevva SeuZliaT. Mmiuxedavad amisa, zogierT niSani ufro meti donamiuri ZaliT xasiaTdeba vidre meore. AaseT niSnebs olporti motivaciur dispoziciebs uwodebs. Ees dispoziciebi amgvar Zalas ZirTadi moTxovnilebebidan da ltolvebidan iReben. Oolporti dinamiuri TvalsazrisiT ufro sust dispoziciebs stilistur dispoziciebs uwodebs. stilisturi dispoziciebi qcevas marTaven, xolo motivaciuri dispoziciebi ki qcevas iwveven. tansacmlis tarebis motivi Tbilad yofnis moTxovnilebaa, xolo Cacmis manera ki gansxvavebul adamianebs gansxvavebuli aqvT da maT stilisturi personaluri dispoziciebi gansazRvraven. Aaseve – zrdiloba stilisturi dispoziciaa, xolo Wama- motivaciuri. Tumca is, Tu rogor Wams adamiani (Wamis stili) nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad mSieria es adamiani, Tumca stilisturi dispozicebis gavlenasac ver gamovricxavT. Cveulebriv, zrdilobianma adamianma, Tu is Zalian mSieria, SeiZleba “daiviwyos kargi manerebi”, rodesac marto imyofeba. Mmagram Tu masSi es stilisturi dispozicia Zalian Zlieria, SeiZleba Wamis etiketi da zrdiloba, Zalian mSieric rom iyos, marto yofnis drosac daicvas.

Yyvela saxis dispozicia, maT Soris stilisturic da motivaciuric pirovnebis centrSi arsebobs da ganicdeba rogorc sakuTari me-s nawili. olportis azriT, es isaa, razec adamians SeuZlia Tqvas, rom “es me var” an “es Cemia mxolod, Cemi sakuTari”. im maxasiaTeblebs, romlebsac adamiani uwodebs “Cemi” olporti miakuTvnebs propriumis cnebiT aRniSnul pirovnebis mniSvnelovan instancias.

propriumi.

Aam cnebis laTinuridan pirdapiri Targmani aris “sakuTari”. Ppropriumis cneba olportis Semotanilia pirovnebis fsiqologiaSi da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, garkveuli azriT, egos da TviTobis sinonims warmoadgens. Tavis pirvel fundamentur naSromSi(1937w) olporti egos da TviTobis cnebebs saerTod ar Sexebia. Mmomdevno wlebis ramdenime SromaSi ki ukve safuZvlianad gaaanaliza egos da TviTobis cnebebi da maT funqciebs pirovnebis sakuTari (propriumuli) funqciebi uwoda. PpropriumSi, pirovnebis am centrSi moTavsebulia pirovnebis is maxasuaTeblebi da qcevis tipebi, romlebsac Cven CvenTvis mniSvnelovnad, axloblad da centralurad miviCnevT.

Aaxlad dabadebuli bavSvi, olportis azriT, jer ar aris pirovneba da mas arc propriumi gaaCnia. Aaxladdabadebuli mxolod potenciuri pirovnebaa, romelic mxolod genetikuri monacemebis safuZvelze arsebobs. Ppirovnebad gancda TandaTanobiT viTardeba da yalibdeba, gaivlis ra sxvadasxva, zogjer erTmaneTis gadamfarav stadias. olports propriumSi Sehyavs pirovnebis is aspeqtebi, romlebic TviTidentifikaciisTvis mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben

Ppropriumis aspeqtebia:

1. sakuTari sxeulis SegrZneba

2. TviTidentifikacia

3. TviTpativiscema

4. pirovnebis gavrcoba-gafarToveba

5. meis xati

6. racionaluri pirovneba

7. sakuTari miswrafebebi

sakuTari sxeulis SegrZneba. Y

pirovnebis centraluri aspeqtebidan yvelaze adre sakuTari sxeulis SegrZneba Cndeba da Semdeg mTeli cxovrebis manZilze Cveni sxeuli gvawvdis masalas sakuTari TviTSemecnebisTvis. Ppatara bavSvma ar icis, jer ver acnobierebs, rom tkivili, siamovneba misi SegrZnebebia, magram isini qmnian saWiro safuZvels imisaTvis, rom bavSvis TviTcnobiereba Camoyalibdes. sxeulis SegrZneba, romelic TandaTan viTardeba, mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi rCeba Cveni TviTcnobierebis dasayrdenad. xeli rom gameWra, me vici, rom es sisxli da tkivili Cemia, aravis sxvas ar ekuTvnis da C e m i sxeulis SegrZnebaa

TviTidentifikacia.

propriumis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT Mmeore adreuli aspeqti aris me-s mudmivi TviTidentifikaciis gancda. gageba imisa, Tu vin var me, moicavs Cems azrebs, grZnobebs, mexsierebaSi maT gaxsenebas da yovelive amis , rogorc C e m S i arsebulis gancdasa da aRqmas. yvela konkretuli SemTxvevidan Cans, rom patara, axaldabadebul bavSvs sakuTari Tavi, rogorc “TviToba”, jer ara aqvs gacnobierebuli. is sakuTar sxeuls ise eqceva, rogorc TavisTvis ucxo sagans: fexis TiTebs saTamaSoebad miiCnevs, SeuZlia saxe ise daikawros, rom sisxlic gamoidinos. mas ara aqvs arc sxeulebrivi, arc socialuri, arc materialuri TviToba. sazRvari “mesa” da “ara mes” Soris jer kidev araa gavlebuli. sanam bavSvi cxadad ar warmoidgens sakuTar Tavs damoukidebel pirovnebad, manam is ver SeZlebs garemomcvel samyarosTan Tavisi mimarTebis wvdomas. am momentamde mas aklia sakuTari pirovnulobis ganviTarebis subieqturi centri, romelsac is mxolod 3-4 wlisTvis aRwevs.. adreul asakSi TviTidentifikaciis grZnoba jer kidev sustad aris ganviTarebuli, Tumca sami wlisTvis ukve Cndeba sityvebi me da da Cemi.

TviTpativiscema

propriumis Semdegi aspeqti TviTpativiscema, an TviTamaRleba-TviTgandidebaa. Igi SeiZleba rogorc dadebiTi ise uaryofiTi kuTxiT gamovlindes. propriumis es aspeqti udevs safuZvlad erTis mxriv siamayis, altruizmis, xolo meores mxriv, egoizmis, narcizmis gamovlinebas.

pirovnebis gavrcoba-gafarToveba

oTxidan Svid wlamde bavSvebi ukiduresad egocentrulebi arian. “mTeli samyaro maT garSemo trialebs”. am periodSi iwyeba me-s moculobis gafarToveba. BbavSvis me-s da Cemia-s cneba farTovdeba sxvadasxva pirovnebebis (pirvel rigSi ojaxis wevrebiT, saxliT, satamaSoebiT) SeyvaniT. es tendencia mozrdilobaSic gadadis (Cemi samSoblo, Cemi azrebi, Cemi Teoroa. . .).

me-s xati

me-s xati sakuTari SesaZleblobebis, statusis da mocemul momentSi sakuTari rolis aRqmis safuZvelze yalibdeba. BbavSvobis asakSi me-s xati, ZiriTadad, warmoadgens Sexedulebebs Tavisi pirovnebis, rogorc kargis an cudis Sesaxeb (am terminebis froidistuli me-idealisa da svindisis gagebiT).

racionaluri pirovneba

eqvsidan Tormet wlamde TviTidentifikacia, TviTpativiscema da me-s xati garemosa da socialuri urTierTobebis (TanaklaselebTan, maswavleblebTan) gavleniT icvleba. Ees Zalian mniSvneliovani periodia pirovnebis Camoyalibebis gzaze, ramdenadac bavSvi mxolod ojaxze ar aris damokidebuli. racionaluri pirovnebis aspeqti gulisxmobs racionaluri msjelobis, axsnisa da dadasturebis, aseve, cxovrebiseuli problemebis dasaxvisa da gadawyvetis unars. racionaluri pirovneba pasuxismgebelia abstraqtul da refleqsiur (Tavisi Tavis gacnobierebaze mimarTul) azrovnebaze da xels uwyobs garemo pirobebTan adaptacias.

sakuTari miswrafebebi

gardamaval asakSi Cndeba propriumis meSvide da bolo aspeqti, kerZod, sakuTari miswrafebebi. Ppirovnebis ganviTarebis am safexurze adamiani ukve unikaluri individia, romelsac sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb naTeli warmodgena da Camoyalibebuli propriumi aqvs, romelic eqvsive aspeqts moicavs. sakuTari miswrafebebi ganapirobebs moqmedebebisa da azrovnebis garkveul mowesrigebulobas da SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamians dasaxos miznebi, Seqmnas daZabuloba nacvlad misi ganmuxtvisa.

sakuTari miswrafebebi adamianis mier ganicdeba, rogorc misTvis axlobeli, “swored misi sakuTari” miswrafebebi. MmasSi Sedis rogorc warsulis mogonebebi, aseve momavlis Sesaxeb realisturi gegmebisa da miznebis saxiT Camoyalibebuli azrebi. karieris Tu cxovrebis megzuris povnis amocana warmatebiT SeiZleba gadawydes sakuTari miswrafebebis safuZvelze, Tumca bevri adamiani samsaxurs da Tavis meore naxevars poulobs yovelgvari specialuri miznis gareSec. Tu adamiani gadawyvetilebis miRebisas miyveba dinebas, mis miswrafebebs oportunistuls uwodeben, radgan es ar aris propriumis nawili da pirovnebis mxolod periferiaze arsebobs.

Ppirovneba da propriumi, olportis azriT ar aris sinonimebi, radgan pirovnebis cneba moicavs iseT Cvevebs, emociebs, Tvisebebs, sayovelTaod miRebul Cveulebebs, oportunistul miswrafebebsa da SemTxveviT faqtorebs, romlebis ar arian centraluri adamianisTvis da ar ganicdebian, rogorc sakuTari. zogierTi Cveva, magaliTad beWvda an manqanis tareba, Tavidan SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes propriums, magram Semdeg kargavs Tavis centralur mniSvnelobas da oportunistuli xdeba. Mmeores mxriv, zogierTi Cveva ki, magaliTad, deda enaze laparaki, Cveulebriv, sakuTrad ar ganicdeba, magram im SemtxvevaSi, Tu adamians aukrZalaven am enaze laparaks, igi propriumis nawilad iqceva.

amrigad, qcevis centraluri maxasiaTeblebisa da tipebis garda olporti gamohyofs qcevis e.w. ara sakuTar (arapropriumul) tipebs. esenia: 1) qcevebi, gamowveuli ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebiT an mimarTuli ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, rac, Cveulebriv, gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe xorcieldeba. 2) sayovelTaod miRebuli Cveulebebi, magaliTad misalmeba Sexvedrisas, tansacmlis tareba an marjvenamxrivi moZraoba. 3) Cvevebi, rgoricaa sigaretis moweva an kbilebis gamoxexva, romlebic avtomaturad sruldeba da mniSvnellovan rols ar asrulebs imaSi, rom adamianma Tavi pirovnebad igrZnos.

Oolporti motivaciis Sesaxeb

rogorc vnaxeT, pirovnuli niSani olportis Teoriis centraluri cnebaa. isic aRvniSneT, rom pirovnul niSans olportis mixedviT dinamiuri, motivaciuri Zala aqvs. MMMmotivaciis sakiTxs, sxva pirovnebis Teoretikosebis msgavsad, isic Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebs da Tvlis, rom motivaciis bunebis garkveva pirovnebis nebismieri Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens.

olporti motivaciis orgvar (ormag) sistemaze miuTiTebs. Mmisi azriT, adamianebs, erTsa da imave dros, amoZravebT rogorc garemosTan Seguebis moTxovnileba, aseve zrdis da TviTaqtualizaciis, TviT realizaciis moTxovnileba. ramdenadac yovel adamianSi es ori moTxovnileba erTmaneTis gverdiT arsebobs da moqmedebs, unda vaRiaroT, rom adamianebi ara mxolod reaqtiulebi, aramed proaqtiulebic arian.

ramdenadac olportma propriumis cnebaSi Seitana sakuTari miswrafebebis aspeqti, misi motivaciis TeoriaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo Cvens mier zemoT ganxilul gansxvavebas sakuTar miswrafebebsa da periferiul (oportunistul) miswrafebebs (motivebs) Soris. periferiuli motivebi homeostazis princips emorCilebian da amcireben daZabulobas. sakuTari miswrafebebi ki TviTon qmnian daZabulobasa da disbalanss, winaaRmdegobas uweven wonasworobas, rac adamianis mier axal-axali da rTuli miznebis GgaCenaSi, axali iniciativebis dasaxvaSi, pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis ganviTarebaSi da sxv. iCens Tavs. Oolporti miuTiTebs kritikul cxovrebiseul situaciebze, rodesac maRali motivacia dabals upirispirdeba. AaseT dros, gansakuTrebiT dramatul situaciaSi adamians urCevnia daiRupos, vidre sakuTar me-s uRalatos. Oolportis es Sexedulebebi Zalian hgavs humanisturi fsiqologiis Sexedulebebs, ris gamoc, olports humanisturi fsiqologiis erT-erT fuZemdebelsac ki uwodeben.

Tu froidi pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi warsul gamocdilebas gadamwyvet rols aniWebs, olportis azriT, pirovnebisTvis gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba momavals gaaCnia. cnobiliia misi gamoTqma: “miTxari, rogor warmogidgenia Seni momavali da getyvi vin xar Sen”. Aaqedan gamomdinare, olporti iseT kognitur procesebs, rogoric aris mizani, gegma, ganzraxva motivaciur funqciasa da rols aniWebda da Tvlida, rom swored isini Seadgenen me- s sakuTar dinamikur Zalebs. Ffroidi ki am fenomenebs yuradRebis gareSe tovebda da Tvlida, rom individis motivacias ucvleli instinqturi miswrafebebi Seadgenen.

Oolports ar akmayofilebda motivaciis arsebuli Teoriebi. misi sityvebiT: “nebismieri Teoria, romelic pirovnebas ganixilavs, rogorc raRac fiqsirebuls, stabilurs, ucvlels – mcdaria”.

olportma gamoho oTxi moTxovna, romelsac, misi azriT, unda akmayofilebdes motivaciis adeqvaturi Teoria:

1. motivaciis adeqvaturi Teoria “aRiarebs motivTa awmyoSi arsebobas”. sxva sityvebiT, “is rac gvamoZravebs, moqmedebs axla da amJamad. warsuli motivebi verafers xsnian, Tu amJamad ar moqmedeben”. warsuls gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ara aqvs. Ppirovnebis istorias mniSvneloba mxolod maSin aqvs, rodesac is amJamad arsebul motivaciaze moqmedebs.”

2. “motivaciis Teoria pluralisturi unda iyos –sxvadasxva tipis motivebs unda moicavdes.” amis gamo akritikebda olporti froidis Teorias, akritikebda agreTve adleris Teorias, romelic Tvlida, rom arsebobs mxolod warmatebisken swrafvis motivi. igi winaaRmdegi iyo yvela im Teoriis, romlebic erTaderT motivad TviTaqtualizacias miiCnevdnen. misi azriT ar arsebobs erTaderTi mamoZravebeli Zala: mozrdili adamianebis motivebi gansxvavdeba bavSvis motivebisgan, nevrotul pirovnebaTa motivacia janmrTeli adamianis motivaciisgan. AamasTan, zogierTi motivi cnobieria, zogi-aracnobieri; zogi motivi warmavalia, zogi SedarebiT mudmivi; zogierTi amcirebs daZabulobas, zogierTi iwvevs mas da a.S. “motivebi imdenad mravalferovani da gansxvavebulebi arian, rom Znelia saerTo mniSvnelis povna“-werda olporti.

3. “motivaciur Teorias unda SeeZlos dinamiuri Zala mianiWos azrovnebis procesebs, anu dagegmvasa da ganzraxvas“. Oolporti amtkicebda, rom “adamianTa umravlesoba dakavebulia momavalSi Tavisi cxovrebiT, isini momavalze arian awyobili. bevri motivaciuri Teoria ki maT ukan, warsulSi abrunebs. Dda rodesac Cven vfiqrobT, rom spontanurad varT aqtiurebi, bevri fsiqologi gveubneba, rom Cven mxolod reaqtiulebi varT. “miuxedavad imisa, rom ganzraxva Cvens nebismier situaciaSi erTveba, mas, mis dinamiur Zalas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba Soreuli motivaciebisTvis aqvs. MmagaliTad, gogona uars ambobs kinoSi wasvlaze da upiratesobas anatomiis swavlas aZlevs. Aam upiratesobis micema Seesatyviseba gogonas mizans umaRlesi qulebiT daamTavros koleji, raTa Sevides samedicino universitetSi da aisrulos mizani – gaxdes eqimi.

4. “adeqvaturi pirovnebis TeoriisTvis konkretuli motivis unikaluroba dasaSvebia”. konkretuli unikaluri motivi gansxvavdeba ganzogadebuli, winaswar Teoriul varaudebze dafuZnebuli motivebisgan. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT konkretuli pirovneba, romelsac unda iswavlos keglis TamaSi. mas konkretuli motivi gaaCnia da warmatebis miRwevis survilic unikaluria misTvis. motivaciis Teoriis zogierTi warmomadgeneli am pirovnebis qcevas ganixilavda, rogorc agresiuli tendenciis gamovlinebas; meore – seqsualuri ltolvis daTrgunvad, mesame - swavlis Sedegad SeZenil moTxovnilebad. olporti ki ityoda, rom am adamians unda iswavlos TamaSi, imitom, rom u n d a iswavlos TamaSi. swored es aris unikaluri, konkretuli da funqcionalurad avtonomiuri motivi.