Ego, rogorc pirovnebis mediatori

idis moTxovnebi realobis moTxovnebi

ego

superegos SezRudvebi

SfoTva (SiSi) da dacvis meqanizmebi

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, froidis fsiqoanalizur TeoriaSi nebismieri procesi SeiZleba aRweril iqnas energiis daxarjvis (gamoTavisuflebis) an im Zalis terminebSi, romelic akavebs am energiis gamosvlas da xarjvas, anu ewinaaRmdegeba instinqtis dakmayofilebas. Aam energiis Sekavebac Zalas moiTxovs. es urTierTqmedeba da brZola instinqtis dakmayofilebasa da mis Sekavebas Soris aris am Teoriis dinamikuri aspeqti, romlis qvakuTxedsac SfoTvis (SiSi, „enzaiti“, anxiety) cneba warmoadgens. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac ids, superegos da garemos moTxovnebs Soris garTulebuli urTierTmimarTebebis gamo egos ukve aRar SeuZlia saTanado kompromisuli gadawyvetilebis miReba. am dros fsiqikur instanciebs Soris Cndeba wonasworobis darRvevis sxvadasxva formebi, romlebic SiSis SfoTvis, gancdas iwveven.

SfoTva fsiqoanalituri Teoriis Tanaxmad aris mtkivneuli emociuri gancda, romelic amcnobs pirovnebas safrTxis Sesaxeb; sxva sityvebiT, SfoTva me-sTvis safrTxis signalia, romelic am safrTxis asacilebeli qcevisken ubiZgebs mas. Tu Tavis adreul SromebSi froidi SfoTvis mizezs seqsualuri impulsebis (libidos) daukmayofileblobaSi xedavda, Mmogvi anebiT igi SfoTvas ganixilavda, rogorc mtkivneul emocias, romelis im safrTxis mimniSnebelia, romelic pirovnebis me-s emuqreba. Aam SemTxvevaSi SfoTva me-s funqciaa, romelic afrTxilebs me-s, rom saWiroa moqmedeba am safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad.

Ffsiqoanalitur TeoriaSi SfoTvis mizezi aris is travmuli gancdebi, romelic adamianma odesRac ganicada da romelmac mas vneba da ziani miayena. SfoTva aris igive travmuli gancdis ganmeoreba, oRond Serbilebuli , msubuqi formiT. AmagaliTad, bavSvi SeiZleba seriozulad daisajos garkveuli seqsualuri an agresiuli moqmedebis gamo. MmogvianebiT, ukve mozrdilobaSi mas SeiZleba gauCndes SiSi imis gamo, rom moundes igive seqsualuri an agresiuli qceva. AamasTan, mas SeiZleba axsovdes, magram SeiZleba arc axsovdes is sasjeli, romelic amas mohyva. mas SfoTva uCndeba imis gamo, rom, erTis mxriv, miiswrafis Seasrulos es qceva, magram meores mxriv, Sedegis eSinia. Ffsiqoanalizis terminebSi SfoTva aRmocendeba idis instinqtebis zewolasa da super-egodan momdinare dasjis safrTxes Soris konfliqtidan. Aanu SeiZleba iTqvas, rom idi ambobs “me es minda”, superego ambobs “es saSinelebaa, ar SeiZleba”, me ki ambobs – “me meSinia”.

konfliqti froidis Teoriis dinamiuri aspeqtis centraluri cnebaa. Kkonfliqti sawinaaRmdego ZalTa Soris Cndeba. Aam konfliqtis mogvareba me-s saqmea. me-m unda daakmayofilos idis, superegos da realobis moTxovnebi. amitomac is permanentulad da mravalmxriv konfliqtur situaciaSi imyofeba da, bunebrivia, SfoTvas ganicdis.

gamoyofen SfoTvis sam saxes:

Oobieqturi (realuri ) SfoTva ukavSirdeba obieqtur an warmosaxviT safrTxes, romelic gare samyaroSi arsebulma obieqtma SeiZleba gamoiwvios. magaliTad, gareuli cxovelebis SiSi, samxedro brZolis SiSi, infeqciuri daavadebebis SiSi da sxv. MmaTi daZleva moiTxovs cnobier, realobis principze dafuZnebul moqmedebebs.

Nnevrotuli SfoTva. siamovnebis principiT moqmed seqsualuri da agresiuli impulsebis daTrgunva me-s mier SeiZleba gaxdes nevrotuli SfoTvis mizezi. ididan wamosuli ltolvebis siZliere aSinebs me-s. SiSi Cndeba im Sedegebis gamo, rac ltolvebis dakmayofilebas SeiZleba moyves. Ees aris nevrotuli SiSi. ltolva aracnobierSia, magram aqtiuri rCeba da gavlenas axdens gancdebsa da qcevaze.

moraluri SfoTva. Tu ego dauSvebs idis survilebs, saqme gveqneba moralur SfoTvasTan, romelsac sindisis qenjna da danaSaulis gancda sdevs Tan.

GganurCevlad imisa, Tu romeli wyarodan momdinareobs SiSi, irRveva fsiqikuri wonasworoba, romelic me-s mier unda iqnas aRdgenili. AamisTvisTvis saWiroa SiSis gamomwvevi impulsebigan Tavis dacva. me-ego uZluri ar aris ididan da superegodan wamosuli konfliqtebis mimarT. Mmas damcavi meqanizmebi gaaCnia. Aamitomac, signalze ‘SiSi” dacvis meqanizmi, iwyebs amoqmedebas, romelmac unda Seamciros an moxsnas muqara.

Ffroidma da misma mimdevrebma aRweres ramdenime, ZiriTadad aracnobierad moqmedi dacvis meqanizmebi, romlebic SiSis reduqcias axdenen:

M Ppirovnebis struqturul nawilebs Soris SesaZlo konfliqtebiK

konfliqti magaliTi

idi- ego	arCevani dauyonebliv, magram mcire siamovnebasa (jildo) da did jildos Soris, romelic mocdas, moTminebas moiTxovs.
idi-superego	gadawyvetilebis miReba: gadagixades zedmeti, rac ar gekuTvnoda. Ddaubruno xurda Tu ara?
Ego-superego	unda airCio: Tqva tyuili, uvnebeli tyuili, Tu darCe Ce, udaod, Rirebuli, magram ararealuri standartebis bis erTguli (yovelTvis Tqva simarTle)
Idi da ego- superego	unda gadawyvito – gadauxado samagiero st mowinaaRmdeges Tu “miuSviro meore loya”

Ddacvis meqanizmebi

Ddacvis meqanizmi	gansazRvreba	magaliTi
gandevna (represia)	es meqanizmi icavs egos ididan wamosuli im impulsebidan, romelnic mis fsiqologiur stabilobas emuqreba. rodesac Cven ltolvebs Tu survilebs (cnobie rad) verafers vuxerxebT, dacvis am TviTregulaciuri meqanizmis saSualebiT isini ganidevnebian aracnobierSi. gandevnasac mudmivi energia sWir deba, raTa gaaCeros gandevnili Sinaarsebi aracnobierSi. gandevnilma azrebma da impulsebma SeiZleba Tavi iCinos simptomebis saxiT – e.w. “gandevnilis dabruneba”-wacdenebi gandevna yovelTvis aracnobieri procesia	1. mozrdil adamians aRar axsovs rogor scemes bavSvobisas an rom igi tragikuli avtokatast rofis mowme iyo. 2 wacdenis magaliTi:sxdomis Tavmjdomare, romelsac unda gaexsna sxdoma, wamodga da Tqva “sxdomas daxurulad vacxadeb” (nacvlad imisa, rom eTqva “gaxsnilad”vacxadeb). Mizezi (aracnobieri): eCqareboda saxlSi wasvla, sadac wveuleba hqonda da stumrebi elodnen (froidi)
uaryofa	gandevnisgan gansxvavebiT travmis gamomwvevi movlena gacnobierebulia, magram isea interpretirebuli, rom travmatuli aspeqtebi uaryofilia	kacs, romelic colma miatova, am daSorebas gani xilavda, rogorc droebiT movlenas da darwmune buli iyo, rom coli mas isev daubrundeboda
racionali zacia	miuRebeli azrebis an moqmedebebis ganxorcieolebis Semdeg xdeba egos mier am qcevis erTgvari gamarTleba-axsnis mogoneba-SeTxzva, raTa Seimsubuqos SfoTva.	Mmag.bavSvis mimarT Zaladoba SeiZleba mSobelma axsnas imiT, rom bavSvs “aCvevs momavali cxovre bis sirTuleebs”.
Proeqcia	am dros idi-dan wamosuli impulsebis gadatana me-s mier xdeba garesamyaroze, upiratesad sxva pirovnebebze	“me ki ar var boroti da agresiuli, aramed Cemi kolegebi arian aseTebi. („isini miwveven, maiZule ben viyo boroti da agresiuli”)
reaqciis formireba	pirovneba Tavs icavs miuRebeli survilebis gamoaSkara- vebisgan sawinaaRmdegos mtkicebiT	kaci, romelic sinamdvileSi pornografiiT aris gatacebuli da pornosuraTebis didi koleqcia aqvs, sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs: yvlas vaCveneb da vumtkiceb xolme, rogori cudia pornografiao
sublimacia	agresiuli da seqsualuri ltolvebis socialurad sasurvel da Rirebul qmedebebad gadaqceva. Aseqsualuri energiis sxva arxebSi gadarTva	kacobriobis kultura sublimaciis Sedegia.igi aris kreatulobis da sazogadoebrivi progresis safuZveli.
Canacvleba	Canacvleba aris miuRebeli impulsis da saxifaTo obieqtis SedarebiT ufro misaRebi da naklebad saxifTo obieqtiT Secvla	samsaxurSi Sefis SeniSvniT gabrazebuli qmari Sefs verafers ubedavs da saxlSi mosvlisas Sefis javrs colTan da SvilebTan CxubSi iyris.

froidis Teoriis Sefaseba

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Aarc erT fsiqologiur Teorias ar Rirsebia iseTi yuradReba da popularoba, erTis mxriv, da, meores mxriv, ar daumsaxurebia iseTi mkacri kritika, rogorc froidis Teorias xvda wilad. Ffroidis Sexedulebebi (TviT froidic) yoveli mxridan da nebismieri sababiT xdeboda Tavdasxmebis, dacinvis, Seuracxyofis da ciliswamebis obieqti. mecnierebis istorias msgavsi ram kidev erTi pirovnebis, Carlz darvinis SemTxvevaSi axsovs, rodesac man Tavisi evoluciuri TeoriiT SokSi Caagdo inglisis viqtorianuli sazogadoeba. Ffroidis ZiriTad “danaSauli” mdgomareobda imaSi, rom igi bavSvebSi seqsualuri da damangreveli ltolvebis arsebobas aRiarebda, adamians incestur da garyvnil survilebs miawerda da mis qcevas seqsualuri motivaciiT xsnida. adamianisadmi froidis midgomiT aRSfoTebuli “wesieri” xalxi mas TavaSvebul da garyvnil adamians uwodebda.

DdRes froidi, savsebiT samarTlianad geniosad aris aRirebuli. mas fasdaudebeli damsaxureba aqvs mTeli fsiqologiuri mecnierebis winaSe. Cven SesavalSic aRvniSneT, rom froidma subieqti, pirovneba Semoiyvana fsiqologiaSi, froidamde fsiqologia usubieqto fsiqologia iyo. man aracnobieri fsiqikuris arseboba dauSva da aracnobieri motivaciis faqtebi “dagvido”. Mmisi Teoria mowodebulia pirovneba MmTeli Tavisi sirTuliT da gamovlenis (qcevis) uzarmazari diapazoniT moicvas da axsnas. Ffroidis Teoriis damsaxurebaa sruliad axali, manamde ucnobi fenomenebis aRmoCena, iqneba es enzaiti, dacvis meqanizmebi, pirovnebis instanciebi Tu mravali sxva.

Mmagram, rogorc nebismier Teorias, froidis Teoriasac aqvs naklovanebebi, romlebsac mravalricxovani kritikosebi aRniSnaven. gamovyofT ramdenimes. Aaqve, unda aRiniSnos, rom es SeniSvnebi exeba fsiqoanalizs, rogorc pirovnebis Teorias da ara fsiqonalizs, rogorc meTods.

1. froidi Tavisi hipoTezebis damtkicebisas (verifikaciisas) ar eyrdnoboda sakmaris empiriul procedurebs. igi Tavis dakvirvebebs arakontrolirebul pirobebSi atarebda. TviTon froidic aRniSnavda, rom misi da misi pacientis saubrebi Cawerili iyo ara seansis dros, aramed ramdenime saaTis Semdeg. Akritikisebis azriT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es Canawerebi ar iyo zusti da rom damaxinjebebs hqonida adgili. Ffroidis sityvebi, rom mniSvnelovani gvamaxsovrdeba, xolo trivialuri gvaviwydeba, arasodes yofila dasabuTebuli da nakleb savaraudoa.

2. froids sayveduroben imasac, rom is endoboda pacients da ar gadaamowmebda xolme pacientis mier mowodebuli cnobebs mis naTesavebTan, mSoblebTan an megobrebTan. Ffroidis azriT ki, adamianis qcevis asaxsnelad aucilebelia aracnobieris Rrma gageba, rac mxolod Tavisufali asociaciebis da sizmrebis analiziT miiRweva.

3. kritikosebis azriT, froidis daskvnebi romlebic arasrul da SeiZleba, arazust Canawerebs eyrdnoboda, gamomdinareobda msjelobebidan, romlebic iSviaTad Tu iyo farTo da gaSlili. faqtobrivad, es iyo misi azrovnebis Sedegi da ara monacemTa analizi. mkiTxveli, ubralod, unda endos da daijeros froidis deduqciuri da induqciuri operaciebis validoba. Aamitomacaa, amboben isini, rom froidis arc erTi gamokvlevis zusti gameoreba ar SeiZleba. Aanu ar gvaqvs imis elementaruli rwmena, rom igives vakeTebT, rasac - froidi. amiT aixsneba, albT, is faqti, rom sxva mkvlevrebi sxvadasxva daskvnebamde mividnen da rom, erTi da igive fenomenis ramdenime interpretacia arsebobs. Hhans aizenki, fsiqoanalizis mudmivi da Tavgamodebuli kritikosi wers: “Cven iseTive warmatebiT SegviZlia Terapiul taxtze yofnisas SevamowmoT froidis hipoTezebi, rogorc vaSlis xis qveS wamowolilebi SevZlebT niutonis da ainStainis hipoTezebs Soris winaaRmdegobis gadaWras. “

4. froidi erideboda monacemTa kvantifikacias (raodenobriv damuSavebas), ris gamoc SeuZlebelia misi dakvirvebebis statistikuri sandoobisa da mniSvnelobis dadgena. MmagaliTad, ramden SemTxvevaSi iqna dadgenili kavSiri paranoiasa da homoseqsualobas Soris; an isteriasa da mozrdilTan oralur stadiaze fiqsacias Soris; ra ganzomilebebisa da kriteriumebis safuZvelze miekuTvneba SemTxveva ama Tu im klinikur kategorias? Aadarebda an amowmebda Tu ara Tavis interpretaciebs sxva, gamocdili analitikosis interpretaciebs, raTa daedgina Tavisi daskvnebis sandooba?

5. froidis zogierT kritikoss imaSic Seaqvs eWvi, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs froidis Teoria mecnieruli Teoriis moTxovnebs: Iyo Tu ara pacientis Tavisufali asociaciebi namdvilad Tavisufali, Tu is ambobda imas, rac froids undoda gaegona. Ffroidis universalobis pretenziis mqone pirovnebis Teoria aratipiur pacientTa Zalian mcire jgufis monacemTa safuZvelze xom ar Seqmna? Ees kiTxvebi Teoriis validobis mimarT daismis.

6. froids akritikebdnen misi energetikuli modelis gamoc. rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, energetikuli sistemis idea froidTan iyo gamoZaxili imdroindel bunebismetyvelebaSi gabatonebuli Sexedulebebisa. Aaxla es modeli ukve moZvelebulia da gamokvlevebi mis araadeqvaturobaze miiTiTeben. adamiani yovelTvis ar miiswrafis daZabulobis Semcirebisken. zogjer stimulacia da daZabva Zalianac sasurvelia xolme. amave dros, pirovnebis fsiqologiaSi SemorCenilia interesi fiziologiur ltolvebze dafuZnebul motivaciis mTlianobiTi modelis mimarT. Emagram rogorc pervini aRniSnavs, energetikuli modeli ufro metaforaa pirovnebis funqcionirebisTvis da ara amxsneli principi.

7. Teoria „cudia“ imis gamo, rom bevr mis postulats ar aqvs empiriuli gamosavali. magaliTad, ra empiriuli gamosavali SeiZleba hqondes sikvdilisken swrafvas? Ees ubralod „metafizikur ukuneTSi CaZirvis survilia“, romelsac araferi saerTo aqvs mecnierebasTan. Xolo Tu suicidis an ubeduri SemTxvevebs davasaxelebT empiriul fenomenebad, es „postfaqtum” axsna iqneba da aseT axsnas araviTari Rirebuleba ar aqvs. Ees igivea, doRis damTavrebis Semdeg davdoT fsoni cxenzeo,_ amboben kritikosebi.. fsiqoanalizi ar iZleva mocemul situaciaSi qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZleblobas

8. gaugebaria, rogor SeiZleba raodenobrivi gansxvavebiebis gansazRvra: ramdenad intensiuri unda iyos gancda, rom travmatuli aRmoCndes. Aan ramdenad susti unda iyos ego, rom igi instinqturma impulsebma gadafaros

9. kritikosebs xSirad aRizianebT is argumentebi, riTac fsiqoanalitikosebi icaven Tavis Teorias. Isini TviTon kritikosebs adanaSauleben imaSi, rom maTi (kritikosebis) dacvis meqanizmebi ar aZlevT uflebas aRiaron da miiRon iseTi faqtorebis moqmedeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, bavSvis seqsualoba.

FfroidisTvis bevri zemoTmoyvanili SeniSvna cnobili iyo. Is acnobierebda imas, rom samecniero muSaobis dawyebiT etapebze, rodesac xdeba fenomenebis aRwera, mTeli rigi uzustobebis daSveba gardauvalia. Ggarda amisa, icoda im sirTuleebis Sesaxeb, rac fsiqoanalizuri ideebis qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisTvis gamoyenebas moyveboda. Igi aRniSnavda, rom analitikosi usafrTxod grZnobsd Tavs, rodesac qcevas Sedegidan ukan, misi gamomwvevi mizezebisken miyveba da aanalizebs. magram Tu sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moZraobs, movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba iseTi aSkara aRar aris. amitomacaa, rom fsiqoanalitikoss ukeT gamosdis axsna, vidre winaswarmetyveleba.

Mbunebrivad ismis kiTxva: miuxedavad bevri da mniSvnelovani kritikuli SeniSvnisa, fsiqoanalizi ratom ar mieca daviwyebas da riTi unda aixsnas misi aseTi maRali statusi Tanamedrove samyaroSi?

Ppirvel rigSi, albaT, imitom, rom pirovnebis empiriuli Teoriebi sakkmaod sustia da mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT sakmarisad gamarTulni ar arian. fsiqologias jer kidev grZeli gza aqvs gasavleli imisTvis, rom zust mecnierebad iwodebodes. Aamdenad, fsiqologs SeuZlia airCios Teoria sul sxva miznidan da Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, vidre, Teoria, romelic formaluri adeqvaturobisa da faqtobrivi monacemebis moTxovnebs akmayofilebs. Ffsiqoanalizi ki izidavs mas azrovnebis siaxliTa da gabedulebiT, adamianis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa siRrmiT da sifarToviT. SeiZleba froidi mecnierebis mkacr da zust moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebda, magram igi iyo didi moTminebiT aRWurvili, natifi, CaRrmavebuli damkvervebeli da Seupovari, disciplinirebuli, gabeduli da originaluri moazrovne. misi Teoriis yvela Rirsebaze maRla dgas erTi ram – mas surs gaugos Cveulebriv, sicocxliT savse adamianebs, romlebic nawilobriv realur samyaroSi, nawilobriv warmosaxulSi arseboben. Isini Sinagani konfliqtebiTa da winaaRmdegobebiT arian moculni, magram gonieri azrebi da moqmedebebic xelewifebaT. MmaT dauokebeli swrafvebi da amoucnobi Zalebi amoZravebT, xan naTlad, xan bundovnad azrovneben; xan frustrirebulebi, xan ki kmayofilebi arian, xan imediT aRsavseni, xan imdgacruebulni, xan egoisturebi, xan altruistebi. EerTi sityviT, froids „TvalebSi unda Caxedos am adamianebs“. Aamas ki bevrisTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.

Isic unda iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove fsiqologebma moaxerxes zogierTi froidiseuli debulebis eqsperimentuli Semowmeba da dadastureba. MmagaliTad, vainbergeris eqsperimenti gandevnaze - dacvis meqanizmze- (gaixseneT leqcia).