Persona

niRabi

ciceronma personis cnebas oTxi gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis mianiWa. es mniSvnelobebia:

1. rogor eCvenebi sxvas (magram sinamdvileSi ar xar)

2. roli, romelsac adamiani cxovrebaSi TamaSobs. (mag. filosofosi)

3. pirovnul, fsiqikur niSanTa nakrebi, romelic adamianis saqmianobas gansazRvravs

4. pirovnuli Tavisebureba, unikaloba, Rirsebis, stilis gagebiT

ukve am mniSvnelobebSi gamoikveTa da aisaxa kidec pirovnebis TeoriebSi ori polusi pirovnebis gagebisa, romelTa Soris ganlagda Semdgomi drois pirovnebis gansazRvrebebi da Teoriebi. erTi polusi adamianis garegani, niRbismieri bunebis amsaxvelia, xolo meore ki pirovnebis Sinagan bunebasa da struqturas gammokveTs. pirovneba, faqtobrivad am ori sawyisis erTianobaa TiToeuli polusis metnaklebi aqcentirebiT.

pirovnebis TeoriaTa klasifikacia olportis mixedviT

olporti (G.Allport) pirovnebis Sesaxeb fsiqologiur Teoriebs or did jgufad, or mimarTulebad hyofs. es aris anglosaqsuri (biosocialuri) da kontinenturi (biofizikuri) Teoriebi. gansxvaveba TeoriaTa am or klass Soris ukve maT filosofiur wanamZRvrebSia. anglosaqsuri Teoriebis msoflmxedvelobaze gavlena moaxdina lokis filosofiam, xolo kontineturma Teoriebma ki laibnicis da kantis filosofiis gavlena ganicada. lokis mixedviT suli aris neitraluri mediumi, “tabula raza”-sufTa dafa, romelzec garemos gamRizianeblebi moqmedeben. adamiani, misi suli reaqtiulia, qceva yovelTvis mxolod pasuxia gamRizianebelze da Sinagani, Tandayolili araferi mosdevs. laibnici da kanti ki amis sawinaaRmdegod, miuTiTeben adamianis sulis aqtiur spontanurobaze; aqtioba da ara reaqtiuloba aris kontinentur TeoriaTa ZiriTadi niSani. sulis spontanurobis aRiarebas mivyevarT am Teoriebis mier nasaxebis, konstituciis, memkvidreobiTobis aRiarebamde. es ukanasknelni am Teoriebs pirovnebisTvis umniSvnelovanes faqtorebad Tvlian.

biosocialuri gansazRvrebebi ufro garegan gamovlinebebze, qcevaze da socialur garemozea orientirebuli. am Teoriis warmomadgenlebi pirovnebis Sesaxeb misi qcevis, obieqturad mocemuli gare gamovlinebebis mixedviT msjeloben, anu imis mixedviT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens es pirovneba sazogadoebaze, rogor aRiqvamen irgvliv myofni mas. es Tvalsazrisi Zalian axloa personis cnebis ciceroniseul niRbis mniSvnelobasTan. (iungis pirovnebis sistemaSic vxvdebiT pirovnebis mimarT niRbis cnebis gamoyenebas: “niRabi koleqtiuri sulisa”, “niRabi, romelic malavs individualobas”). biosocialuri TeoriebisTvis tipiuria meis (May) mier mowodebuli pirovnebis gansazRvreba-“pirovneba aris socialuri gamRizianebeli.” am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, Cveni pirovneba iseTia, rogoradac gvxedaven sxvebi. Cveni pirovneba mxolod sxvebis msjelobidan xdeba gasagebi. sxva kriteriumi pirovnebis Sesacnobad, Tu ara is, Tu rogor veCvenebiT sxvas, Tu ara socialuri azri, dafuZnebuli obieqtur gamovlinebebze, ar arsebobs. yvela biosocialurad orientirebuli TeoriisTvis da Sesabamisi pirovnebis gansazRvrebebisTvis saerToa gamomxatveli moZraobebis (rogorc vitaluri, ise socialurad gansazRvruli), metyvelebiT gamovlinili azrebis da saerTod, imis, rac sxvisTvis TvalsaCinoa, xazgasma da pirovnebis Seswavlis ZiriTad obieqtad aRiareba. amrigad, am Teoriis warmomadgenlebisTvis pirovnebebs Soris gansxvavebis ZiriTadi mizezi sxvebze gavlenaSi mdgomareobs da ara subieqtis Sinagan wesrigsa Tu struqturaSi. niukombis gansazRvrebis mixedviT, pirovneba aris is Cvevebi da qcevebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen sxva adamianebze. olporti SeniSnavs, rom am gansazRvrebis mixedviT adamianis gegmebi, survilebi, pativmoyvareoba, romelic SeiZleba ar gamovlindes da sxvebisTvis misawvdomi ar Seiqmnas, gana ar miekuTvneba pirovnebas? garda amisa, Tu pirovnebis erTaderT kriteriumad sxvaze gavlenas miviCnevT, maSin robinzon kruzo (yovel SemTxvevaSi, paraskevas gamoCenamde) pirovnebad ar unda CavTvaloT?

biofizikuri TeoriebSi, biosocialurisgan gansxvavebiT, xazi esmeba subieqtis Sinagani wesrigis, Sinagani struqturis mniSvnelobas da pirovnebis gagebisTvis misi gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobas. pirovneba, am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, realurad arsebobs, igi realobaa, iseve, rogorc nebismieri movlena, magaliTad, Tevzi, xe Tu varsklavi. miuxedavad imisa, Tu es ukanasknelni rogor gveZlevian mcdari aRqmebis Tu msjelobis Sedegad (veSapi, rogorc Tevzi, xe-orjer ufro didi, vidre sinamdvileSia, varskvlavi, rogorc pawawina naTura), maTi realuri, namdvili buneba amiT ar icvleba. asevea pirovnebac. pirovnebas Tavisi Sinagani struqtura, Tavisi kanonzomierebani gaaCnia. fsiqologiam, olportis azriT, TviT pirovnebaSi mimdinare procesebi-aRqma, inteleqti, gamocdileba, motivebi unda Seiswavlos da ara is, rasac biosocialuri midgoma gvTavazobs. am ukanasknelis mixedviT pirovnebis Seswavla am pirovnebis garSemomyofTa aRqmebis, reaqciebis da sxva fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlas niSnavso -ironiulad dasZens olporti.

pirovnebis fsiqologiur gansazRvrebebSi, sadac biofizikurad orientirebuli Teoriebi sWarbobs, olporti ramdenime jgufs gamohyofs.

1. krebiTi gansazRvrebebi. am jgufissTvis tipiuri gansazRvreba iwyeba ase: pirovneba aris krebadoba. . . da Semdeg CamoTvlilia is niSnebi, romelic avtors pirovnebis gagebisTvis arsebiTad miaCnia. krebadobis nacvlad SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes agregati, konstelacia, kompoziti, ansambli. am tipis midgomam miuxedavad imisa, rom Sinagan fsiqikur niSnebze miuTiTebda, mecnierebas bevri veraferi SesZina, radgan maTi maorganizebeli, gamamTlianebeli struqtura yuradRebis gareSe darCa. xolo niSnebis ubralo CamoTvla ki am SemTxvevaSi igivea, rac mxolod im asoebis CamoTvla, risganac mocemuli leqsi Sedgeba.

2. mTlianobiTi gansazRvrebebi. es aris integraluri da konfiguraciuli gansazRvrebebi. tipiuri gansazRvreba uorensa da kermaikls ekuTvnis da Semdegia: “pirovneba aris adamianis zogadi struqtura (wesrigi) misi ganviTarebis yovel stadiaze”. meore avtors, mak kandis individualobac ar aviwydeba am mTlianobaSi: “pirovneba aris interesTa mTlianoba, romelic organizmis qcevas gansakuTrebul individualobas aZlevs.” am tipis midgoma pirovnebis mTlianobas, misi nawilebis integracias gamokveTs.

3. ierarqiuli gansazRvrebebi. am tipis gansazRvrebebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia integrirebul mTelSi safexurebis gamoyofa. pirovnebis amgvari gansazRvreba pirvelad jemsma mogvca. man pirovnebaSi oTxi done gamohyo. jemsis pirovneba Signidan aris danaxuli, introspeqciulia. jemsisTvis pirveli done aris materialuri me, sxeulis, ojaxis, mdgomareobis da saukeTeso megobris gaTvaliswinebiT. Semdegia-socialuri me, romelic gansazRvrulia mis garSemo myof adamianTa SemecnebiT. am safexuris mimarT jemsis cnobili gamoTqma arsebobs: adamians imdeni me aqvs, ramdeni socialuri jgufic arsebobs, romelTa azrsac misTvis mniSvneloba aqvs. mesame safexuri aris sulieri me, romelic adamianis gansxvavebul tendenciebs aerTianebs. dabolos, meoTxe, wminda me, postulirdeba sxvadasxva filosofiuri sistemebiT da arsebiTad, mesame safexurisgan ar gansxvavdeba.

4.diskriminaciuli gansazRvrebebi. am SemTxvevaSi pirovnebis Secnobis da misi arsis dadgenis kriteriumi interindividualuri gansxvavebebia. am tipis gansazRvrebis momxreebis azriT, socialuri jgufis yvela wevri erTnairad rom fiqrobdes, grZnobdes, moqmedebdes, maSin pirovneba aRar iarsebebdao. tipiuri diskriminaciuli gansazRvreba Semdegia: pirovneba aris mowesrigebuli sistema, funqciuri mTeli an Cvevebis, nasaxebis da grZnobebis mTlianoba, romelic jgufis calkeuli wevris igive jgufis sxva wevrebidan misi gansxvavebulad Secnobis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

5. SeguebiTi gansazRvrebebi. biologebs da bihevioristebs pirovnebis mimarT daaxloebiT erTnairi midgoma aqvT. isini pirovnebas adamianis qcevidan gamomdinare ganixilaven. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, pirovneba aris mTliani organizmi moqmedebaSi. tipiuri gansazRvrebaa kempfis: “pirovneba aris CvevaTa garkveuli sistemebis erTianoba, romelic gansazRvravs adamianis garemosTan Seguebis Tavisebur xasiaTs”.

biosocialuri pirovnebis Teoriisa da bihevioristuli Teoriis zogierTi postulati daedo safuZvlad Tanamedrove pirovnebis fsiqologiis erT mimarTulebas, romelic empiriuli pirovnebis fsiqologiis saxeliTaa cnobili (T.Hermann). pirovnebis fsiqologias saqme aqvs fsiqikur movlenebTan, fenomenebTan, romelTa dakvirveba da registracia aris SesaZlebeli. is, Tu ras ganicdis adamiani, misi Sinagani samyaro, am Teoriis warmomadgenelTa sityvebiT, uaRresad saintereso da mniSvnelovani mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqonea fsiqologiisTvis, magram misi es Sinagani samyaro gaSualebulad gveZleva metyvelebis, moZraobebis, mimikis da sxv. saSualebebiT. amgvar movlenebs empiriuli movlenebi ewodebaT. swored maTze dayrdnobiT , maT safuZvelze unda moxdes maT ukan mdgari gancdebis Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTeba, anu Teoriuli konstruqtis Seqmna. empiriul movlenebs Tavisi Tavis axsna ar SeuZliaT. magaliTad, rodesac cdis piri an pacienti fsiqologs eubneba, rom igi (pacienti) mowyenilia, es gamonaTqvami empiriuli movlenaa. xolo rodesac fsiqologi am gamonaTqvamis safuZvelze askvnis, rom am avadmyofs depresia aqvs, es ukve konstruqtia da ara empiriuli movlena.

meores mxriv, SeiZleba es konstruqti ar aRmoCndes WeSmariti da igi SeiZleba sxvadasxva adamianis (fsiqologis) mier gansxvavebulad iqnas interpretirebuli. sxva fsiqologma SeiZleba pirveli fsiqologis am gamonaTqvams sxvagvari axsna mounaxos, anu mis safuZvelze sxva konstruqti Seqmnas: magaliTad, rom es fsiqologi TviTon iyo mowyenili da yvela mowyenilad eCveneboda da sxv.). mTavari is aris, rom empiriul pirovnebis fsiqologiaSi sakuTari da sxvisi gancdis garegani gamovlinebebi ganixileba, rogorc empiriuli movlena, romlebic Tavis Tavs ver xsnian. empiriuli movlenebs miekuTvneba agreTve miRwevebi, dRiurebi, naxatebi, fiziologiuri gamovlinebebi- (mag. pulsis sixSire), anTropometruli monacemebi-simaRle sxeulis indeqsi. yovelive amis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia pirovnebis SeswavlisTvis. hipoTeturi konstruqciebi empiriul movlenebTan umWidroes kavSirSi arian. swored Teoria, hipoTeturi konstruqcia aZlevs empiriul movlenas Tavis mniSvnelobas.

empiriuli movlena da hipoTeturi konstruqtis Sinaarsis kargi ilustracia aqvs moyvanili da ganxiluli cnobil germanel fsiqologs Teo hermans moswavlis Sefasebis magaliTze. vTqvaT, bavSvma miiRo skolaSi samiani. es niSani aris realuri, aRqmadi, empiriuli movlena, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos erTmniSvnelovanic, magram, man SeiZleba ramdenime mniSvneloba miiRos, imis mixedviT, Tu romel sistemaSi CavsvamT, anu, romeli kuTxiT SevxedavT.

1. samianis mniSvnelobebi erTmaneTisgan gansaxvavebuli iqneba, Tu mTelma klasma sakontroloSi sami miiRo, im SemTxvevisgan Tu es erTaderTi samiania klasSi, xolo yvela danarCeni-xuTebi.

2. gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs samians imis mixedviT, Tu ras gamoxatavs igi- maswavleblis simkacres Tu bavSvis codnas

3. dabolos, samiani SeiZleba iyos mZime fsiqologiuri travmis (axloblis sikvdili) an gadatanili meningitis Sedegad gamowveuli gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mizeziT

yvela es SesaZlebloba empiriulad mocemul samianSi ar Cans. igive iTqmis pirovnebis Sesaxebac. pirovneba am mimarTulebis mixedviT, empiriuli movlena ar aris. pirovnebis empiriuli fsiqologia Seiswavlis empiriul Sinaarsebs, adamianis qcevas, dakvirvebad garegan gamovlinebebs, miRwevebs. magram am movlenebs, rogorc ukve vTqviT, Tavisi Tavis axsna ar SeuZlaT. amisTvis mkvlevari iyenebs mecnierul cnebas, Teorias, konstruqts. pirovnebis iseT Tvisebebs, rogoricaa SiSi, introversia-eqstraversia, motivebi empiriuli Sinaarsi ar gaaCniaT. es aris mecnieruli konstruqciebi, hipoTeturi konstruqtebi, “gamonagonebi” romlebic mowodebulia realuri, empiriuli, TvalsaCino movlenebis asaxsnelad da gamoyvanilia, empiriul, TvalsaCino, dakvirvebadi empiriuli movlenebidan.

pirovnebis anglosaqsuri da kontinenturi mimarTulebebi pirovnebis kvlevis or models daedo safuZvlad:

pirveli modelis mixedviT

1. Tavdapirvelad unda ganvmartoT, ras vgulisxmobT pirovnebaSi, unda SevicnoT, pirovnebis arsi, misi buneba, da mxolod amis Semdeg:

2. unda moxdes misi detaluri Seswavla-gamokvleva.

meore modelis mixedviT:

1. jer unda vawarmooT dakvirveba obieqturad gamovlenil qcevebze-empiriul fenomenebze, xolo Semdeg

2. empiriuli fenomenebis gansazRvrisa da axsnisTvis unda Seiqmnas hipoTeturi konstruqtebi. TviT pirovneba uzogadesi konstruqtia.

amrigad, pirovnebis kvlevis pirveli modelis mixedviT, pirveladia pirovnebis Teoria, da Semdeg xdeba am Teoriis empiriuli Semowmeba. meore modelis mixedviT ki jer xdeba empiriul movlenebze dakvirveba da Semdeg maT asaxsnelad hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmna. aseTi konstruqtia, magaliTad, aizenkis introversia-eqstraversia. empiriul fsiqologiaSi pirovnebis da pirovnul niSanTa kvleva iwyeba manam, sanam TviT es cnebebi dadgindebodes.

miuxedavad imisa, rom orive mimarTuleba mTlian pirovnebas Tvlis Tavis Seswavlis sagnad, meore modelis mimdevrebi pirvelisagan gansxvavebiT nawilebidan iwyeben pirovnebis kvlevas, maT pirovnebis Seswavlisas aqcenti mainc am mTlianobis nawilebze gadaaqvT - calkeul damoukidebel pirovnul niSnebze, ganwyobebze, sindromebze, faqtorebze, miRwevebze. TviT am nawilebis damoukidebloba ufro metad aris gamokveTili, vidre am nawilebis mTelze damokidebuleba da am mTeliT gansazRvra, es nawilebi aris swored hipoTeturi konstruqciebi da/xolo pirovneba empiriul fsiqologiaSi uzogadesi konstruqtia. pirveli modelis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben pirovnebis Seswavlisas mTeli ar dakargon mxedvelobidan. maTTvis, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mTeli pirveladia, xolo meore modelis mimdevrebisTvis ki-meoradi (Th. Hermann,1940).

Aamrigad, upiratesi mniSvneloba eniWeba

Kkontinentur TeoriebSi	Aanglosaqsur TeoriebSi
Sinagan Zalebs	garegan gamovlinebebs
konstituciur pirobebs	zedapirul Tvisebebs
struqturul simyares	qcevis motorul komponentebs
garemos zemoqmedebidan SedarebiT damoukideblobas	interpersonalur urTierTobebs
pirovneba gagebulia, rogorc SedarebiT stabiluri organiza cia.	pirovneba gagebulia, rogorc SedarebiT labiluri organizacia.