• generous

• easygoing

• ambitious

• cheerful

• hardworking

• trustworthy

• Impatient

• optimistic

• sensitive

• moody

• sociable

• Indecisive

• reserved

• lazy

• attentive

Lesson 26. Seasons and Months of the Year (Пори року) ......................... 143 4

Lesson 37. My Contribution to Ecological Protection ................................ 219 5

Lesson 50. The role of the Mass Media in the people’s life 5

(Роль мас медіа в житті людини).................................. ......... 281 5

We need love in our life for support 51

and to give love and support 51

to the person we love. 51

The wedding 56

Parents and Сhildren 64

a) listen; b) spoilt; c) mistakes; d) bring up; e) overindulge; f) gap; g) foundation; h) boundaries; i) teenage. 64

English Words for Emotions 87

to tap his fingers – стукати пальцями 91

to wait impatiently – чекати нетерпляче 91

English words for negative emotions 91

Ukrainians celebrate Constitution Day on June, 28. On this day in 1996 the Constitution of Independent Ukraine was adopted. Fireworks and various concerts and musical events are common throughout the country. 104

The 24-th of August is Ukrainian National holiday – Independence Day. 104

Ukraine 112

Great Britain 112

United States of America 112

2. Ball games: 118

Sports and Games 123

Sports in Ukraine 129

Serhiy Bubka 138

Fortune favours the brave. 142

BC = Before Christ – до Різдва Христового, тобто до нашої ери 142

to compete - змагатися 142

AD = Anno Domini – у рік Господній, тобто нашої ери 142

to abolish – відміняти, скасовувати 142

to hold (held, held) - проводити 142

to set up – організовувати, створювати 142

separately - окремо 142

interlaced rings / interlocking rings – переплетені, сполучені кільця 142

revival [ri ́vaivəl] - відновлення, відродження 142

to involve – включати в себе 142

Summer Olympics 143

Citius, Altius, Fortius 146

Faster, Higher, Stronger 146

Olympic Motto 146

The Olympic Games have a very long history. They began in 777 BC in Greece and took place every four years for nearly twenty centuries at Olympia. They included many different kinds of sports: running, boxing, wrestling, etc. All the cities in Greece sent their best athletes to Ol ympia to compete in the Games. For the period of the Games all the wars stopped. So the Olympic Games became the symbol of peace and friendship. In 394 AD the Games were abolished and were not renewed (оновлені) until many centuries later. 146

In 1894 French Baron Pierre de Coubertin, addressed (звернувся) all the sports governing (урядових) bodies (органів) and pointed out (відмітив) the significance (значення) of sport and its educational (виховну) value (цінність). Two years later the first modern Olympic Games took place (відбулися). The competitions were held (відбулися) in Greece to symbolize the continuation (продовження) of the centuries-old tradition (стародавньої столітньої традиції). 146

In 1896 the International Olympic Committee was set up (створений). It is the central body of the Olympic movement (руху). It is formed by the representatives of all countries, which take part in the Olympic Games. 146

Exercise 3. Answer the questions: 147

1. When and where did the Olympic Games begin? 147

2. Why did the Olympic Games become the symbol of peace and friendship? 147

3. When did the Games in Greece stop? 147

4. Who renewed the Olympic movement? 147

5. When and where did the first modern Games take place? 147

6. When was the International Olympic Committee set up? 147

What is its function? 147

7. Are Summer and Winter Games held separately? 147

8. Where were the latest Olympic Games held? 147

9. What is the motto of the Olympic Games? 147

10. What are the symbols of the Olympic Games? 147

14. What are the most famous Ukrainian sportsmen? 147

Lesson 26. Seasons and Months of the Year (Пори року) 148

Seasons and Months of the Year 149

A year has four seasons. They are: spring, summer, autumn and winter. 149

Exercise 8. Practice reading the following word combina­tions and sentences. Learn them by heart: 153

Exercise 13. Read and learn: 157

The clock 157

2) o'clock (abbreviation: "of the clock") only on the hour 3) quarter = 15 minutes; half = 30 minutes 4) multiplies of 5: leave out the word "minutes" (but: 6.01 - It's one minute past six. 159

9. Learn the following dialogues by heart: 159

Exercise 6. Match the weather to the season: 164

Cardinal Directions 168

Vocabulary 168

The Weather Forecast 171

Exercise 4. Select the correct word from the box to complete the sentences: 172

showers / foggy / clear / sunny / icy / heavy / lightning / flooding / degrees/ hail 172

The Weather Forecast 174

Exercise 9. Listen to the text and do some exercises after it: 182

Loss of Nature Will Damage Economies (11th May, 2010) 182

WHILE READING / LISTENING 183

1. GAP FILL: Put the words into the gaps in the text: 183

continue rate impact bleak deaths causing historical danger adopted huge reduce extinction worried outlines worse measures 183

2. Listen and fill in the gaps: 184

AFTER READING / LISTENING 185

9. NATURE DISCUSSION: 185

10. LANGUAGE – MULTIPLE CHOICE 186

Fill in the gaps: 186

Natural Disasters 205

to reduce [ri ΄dju:s] - зменшувати 219

to recyclable [ri ΄saiklәbl] - переробні, що піддаються переробці 219

to reuse [ri ju:z] – повторно використовувати 219

to pick up litter – підбирати папери 219

the lack of – брак 219

acid rains – кислотні дощі 220

global warming – глобальне потепління 220

air pollution - забруднення повітря 220

water pollution – забруднення води 220

soil (land) pollution - забруднення грунту (землі) 220

overpopulation - перенаселеність 220

to threaten human lives [΄Өretn] – загрожувати людським життям 220

- Radiant energy [΄reidiәnt] – промениста енергія 221

Lesson 37. My Contribution to Ecological Protection 224

to reuse [ri ju:z] – повторно використовувати 224

to keep the air and water clean – підтримувати воду і повітря чистими 225

to throw tins – викидати консервні банки 225

garbage [΄ga:bid3] - сміття 225

to spoil the natural beauty – псувати природну красу 225

to be in danger – бути в небезпеці 225

to suffer from smog – страждати від смогу 225

acid rains – кислотні дощі 225

global warming – глобальне потепління 225

air pollution - забруднення повітря 225

water pollution – забруднення води 225

soil (land) pollution - забруднення грунту (землі) 225

overpopulation - перенаселеність 225

to threaten human lives [΄Өretn] – загрожувати людським життям 225

to emit tons of harmful chemicals [i ΄mit] – викидати тони шкідливих 225

хімічних речовин 225

emissions [i ΄mi∫nz] - викиди 225

the main reason for – головна причина для 225

the greenhouse effect [i ΄fekt]– тепличний ефект 225

to disappear forever – зникати назавжди 225

oxygen – кисень to breathe - дихати 225

to be filled with poison – бути наповненим отрутою 225

industrial and nuclear wastes – промислові та ядерні відходи 225

chemical fertilizers [ ΄fә:tilaizәz] – хімічні добрива 225

pesticides [ ΄pestisaidz]- пестициди 225

the lack of freshwater – брак прісної води 225

nuclear power station – АЕС (атомна електростанція) 225

to cause radioactive contamination – спричинити радіоактивне 225

to become extinct [ik ΄stiŋkt] - вимирати 225

the extinction of the spiecies – вимирання видів 225

to be caused by – бути спричиненим 225

to destroy - розрушати 225

fortunately [ ΄fo:t∫nәtli]– на щастя 225

to save electricity – зберігати електроенергію 225

to plant more trees – насаджувати більше дерев 225

to create parks – створювати парки 225

for endangered animals [in ΄deind3әd] – для тварин, що піддаються небезпеці 225

to install new equipment – встановлювати нове обладнання 225

instead of - замість 226

to use wind – використовувати вітер 226

for producing electricity – для вироблення електроенергії 226

to protect nature – захищати природу 226

to save the life on the planet for – врятувати життя на планеті для 226

generation [d3enә΄rei∫n] – покоління 226

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text: 226

Ways of Solving Ecological Problems 226

Reduce, recycle and reuse, 226

Be careful with the things you choose. 226

Don’t leave lights and water on, 226

Pick up litter when you’ve done. 226

Keep the air and water clean, 226

Help our Earth stay strong and green. 226

Not only factories pollute our rivers and lakes, but also people throw awy bottles, tins, papers, food and other garbage there. They pollute parks, streets, squares, forests. Most of this garbage can be recycled: paper, glass, metal, for example. Polluted water kills fish. Polluted air can cause illness, even death. Food can not be grown on polluted soil. So, environmental pollution spoils the natural beauty of our planet. 226

Today our planet is in serious danger. Many cities suffer from smog. Acid rains, global warming, air and water pollution, and overpopulation are the problems that threaten human lives on the Earth. 226

Factories emit tons of harmful chemicals. These emissions are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains. 226

Our forests are disappearing because they are cut down and burn in fire. So people will not have enough oxygen to breathe, and they won’t see a beautiful green forest at all. 226

The seas are in danger because they are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear wastes, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. So one day nothing will be able to live in our seas. The lack of freshwater is caused by water pollution. 226

The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station on April, 26, 1986 caused radioactive contamination of a vast area around the station. 226

Nowadays some spiecies of plants or animals become extinct. The extinction of the spiecies is caused by people’s destroying or polluting their places of living. The cutting of the plants can kill the animals that eat them too. The giant panda is in danger because it eats only the bamboo plants, which are cut down by farmers. Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out and disappear forever. Fortunately, it’s not too late to solve these problems. People can make our planet a cleaner, better and safer place. 226

There are many ways of solving ecological problems. People must save electricity. They can recycle boxes and plastic bottles. People must plant more trees and create parks for endangered animals. Factories must install new equipment that reduces pollution. People can use rain water for washing cars and watering gardens. They must not turn on music loudly. People can use bicycle instead of cars. People must make nuclear stations safer or use wind for producing electricity. People must pick up litter after picnics. So people must keep our soil, water and air clean. They must protect nature, save the life on the planet not only for present, but also for future generations. 227

Exercise 2. Study and use new vocabulary: 227

Reduce – to use less 227

Re-use – to use the same thing again 227

Recycle – to use an old thing to make a new thing 227

Exercise 3. Answer the questions: 227

1. What are the ways of solving ecological problems? 227

2. What can polluted water, air and soil do? 227

3. What is the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains? 227

4. Why are our forests disappearing? 227

5. Why are the seas in danger? 227

6. What caused radioactive contamination in 1986? 228

7. What must people do to save the life on the planet? 228

Exercise 4. Match the words with their definitions: 228

1. Recycling a) ruining = killing 228

2. Garbage b) an animal that uses milk to feed its babies. 228

3. A species c) the process of changing glass or newspapers so that 228

they can be used again. 228

4. To die out d) to disappear= not to live anymore 228

5. Extinction e) something you throw away 228

6. Destroying f) a kind of animal, bird or plant 228

7. A mammal g) a process when animals or plants disappear 228

Exercise 5. Match the problem and the solution: 228

1. air pollution a) to plant more trees 228

2. greenhouse effect b) to waste less and recycle more 228

3. toxic waste c) alternative saurces of energy 228

4. radiation d) new ecollogically pure plants 228

5. destruction of forests e) fewer cars 228

Exercise 6. Read the texts in some groups and try to explain how to make your own contribution to ecological protection: 228

Contribution to ecological protection 228

Our planet is changing.  We need to help it change for the better. There are a lot of things that affect our planet in a bad way but everyone can help to reduce them and do their bit for the environment. 228

1. Energy is everywhere.  We use energy to move the mouse for a computer, to jump and shout and walk and run.  Radiant energy from the sun enables vegetables, plants, trees and us to live and grow. Electricity is a form of energy and this is what powers the TV, the kettle, dishwasher, hairdryer, toaster, remote control, mobile phone, fridge, stereo, electric toothbrush, mp3 player and more!   228

to affect our planet – впливати на нашу планету 229

to do their bit for – внести свій внесок, виконувати своє зобов’язання 229

to power a light bulb – приводити в дію лампочку 229

radiant energy [΄reidiәnt] – промениста енергія 229

to enable vegetables – робити придатними овочі 229

remote control – віддалений контроль 229

Vocabulary 234

Exercise 3. Reading: Read the text and match the headings 1-3 with the paragraphs a-c. 237

Exercise 1. Read new vocabulary: 240

laureate ['lɔ:riit] - лауреат 240

Nobel Prize [noʊbe̱l praɪz] - Нобелівська премія 240

to be administered - надаватися 240

an industrialist – підприємець, промисловець 240

to be awarded – бути нагородженим 240

the setting - установка 240

the auditorium – аудиторія, зал для глядачів 240

dynamite ['daɪnəmaɪt] - динаміт 240

will [wil] - заповіт 240

SEK – шведська крона 240

fund [fʌ̱nd] - фонди, кошти; гроші 240

outstanding [aʊt'stændiŋ] - видатний, знаменитий 240

achievement [ə'ʧɪ:vmənt] - досягнення, успіх; подвиг 240

field [fi:ld] - галузь, поле діяльності 240

to add to the list of fields – додати у список галузей 240

individual [indi'vidʒuəl] - особа, індивідуум 240

anniversary [ænɪ'vɜ:s(ə)rɪ] - річниця 240

to stipulate ['stipjuleit] - обумовлювати, ставити за умову 240

a letter of refusal – лист відмови 240

a prize - винагорода, премія 240

to/an award - присуджувати/нагорода 240

an achievement - досягнення 240

physiology – фізіологія 240

medicine - медицина 240

to be administrated – управлятись 240

to establish – засновувати, встановлювати 240

in memory of - в пам’ять 240

to found - засновувати 240

a foundation – організація 240

a founder – засновник 240

a diploma – диплом 240

a cash award - грошова винагорода 240

an anniversary - річниця 241

a ceremony – церемонія 241

a committee – комітет 241

to submit - подавати на розгляд 241

to receive – отримувати 241

lack of - брак, нестача 241

a fund – фонд 241

peace - мир 241

"If I Have 300 Ideas in a Year and Just One 241

Turns Out to Work I Am Satisfied". 241

Ukrainian Nobel Prize winners: 242

2. Johannes Gutenberg invented the Letterpress printing. It was a great 248

invention and was very much appreciated then. 248

3. Albert Einstein invented the Theory of relativity. 248

4. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen invented the X-rays. 248

5. Rudolf Diesel invented the Combustion engine. 248

6. Manfred von Ardenne invented the Television. 248

7. Peter Henlein invented the Pocket watch. 248

8. Karl Friedrich von Drais invented the Bicycle. 248

11. Robert Koch invented methods to purify the anthrax bacillus from 248

blood samples and grow pure cultures. 248

12. Gottlieb Daimler invented Automobile and internal-combustion engines. 248

Exercise 3. Read and translate the text: 248

Isaac Newton — the Great English Scientist 248

Dmitri Mendeleev a) It was a Scottish biologist and inventor, famous for discovery of penicillin, a drug that is used to kill harmful bacteria. 256

Ernst Werner von Siemens c) He was the British naturalist who formulated the theory of evolution. He proved that animals and plants have evolved in an orderly manner and keep on evolving even today. 256

Alexander Fleming d) He worked on the properties of atoms and created a table that is probably present in every chemistry classroom in the world. 256

Charles Darwin e) He is a German inventor and industrialist of the 19th century. He was the pioneer of the electro industry. 256

Albert Einstein f) It is the great German physicist. He made possible the development of radio, television, and radar. He was the first person who successfully demonstrated the presence of electromagnetic waves. 256

Ivan Pavlov g) He was an American industrialist and inventor who inspired the automobile Industrial Revolution in the United States and worldwide. 256

Leonardo da Vinci h) He is widely known for the three laws of motion and the universal theory of gravitation. He also proved that sunlight is the combination of several colors. 257

Henry Ford i) He was Russian physiologist and psychologist who put forward the concept of the conditioned reflex. He conducted a legendary experiment training a hungry dog using the sound of bell. 257

Isaac Newton j) He is more commonly known as the greatest artist in the history of mankind. He was also a brilliant philosopher and scientist. He was considered to be a genius. He put forward many theories for many inventions that were understood hundreds of years after his death. 257

Vocabulary 262

What is an example of a digital device? 264

Distance learning became possible to everyone. The Open University is the world’s leading provider of flexible, high quality distance learning. Students can find teachers in any subject whether they’re at home sitting in a comfortable armchair and watching a computer screen, at work or on the move. As an OU student you’ll be supported throughout your studies – your tutor or study adviser will guide and advise you, offer detailed feedback on your assignments, and help with any study issues. Tuition might be in face-to-face groups, via online tutorials, or by phone. 264

 Chat rooms, songs, movies and other entertainment. 272

Lesson 50. The role of the Mass Media in the people’s life 288

reliable [ri΄laiәbl] – надійний, міцний 288

The role of the Mass Media in our life 289

We can not imagine our life without the Mass Media. Our Information Age is determined in many respects by the mass media. The mass media do not only spread the news, they impose certain values on contemporary men. The received information moulds the way of people's thinking. Sometimes information given by television, radio, newspapers and the Internet is contradictory and man must decide which one is more reliable. 289

Previously it took news months to travel from one country to another; today it takes it only several seconds. People started to get news comparatively quickly with the appearance of newspapers. Newspapers are very important for a contemporary man. The choice of the newspapers is wide. Now all newspapers are classified into two groups: quality and popular. 289

The Internet is the recent innovation. It has broken the traditional boundaries and helps people to establish contacts. Due to the Internet I have found a lot of friends in different countries, I have visited the greatest world museums and art galleries without leaving my apartment. The Internet is turning our planet into a global village. 290

To have a comprehensive picture of what is going on, people must watch TV programmes, read newspapers and magazines, use the Internet, but do it selectively. 290

Mass Media 290

Nowadays the Mass Media have become daily and essential necessity with contemporary men. The Mass Media report about various aspects of life, they form and affect public opinion. 290

The Mass Media comprise newspapers, radio, TV and the Internet. In this or that form the Mass Media come into every home. 290

The Internet was created in 1983. Since that time it has grown beyond its largely academic origin into an increasingly commercial and popular medium. The Internet connects many computer networks. The Internet has connected millions of computers throughout the world. 290

Newspaper are usually issued daily, weekly, or at other regular times. They provide news, views, features, and other information of public interest and often carry advertising. The first English printed news book the "Weekly News" appeared in London in 1621. In 1771 Parliament gave journalists the right to report its proceedings. Newspapers come out to provide their readers with fresh news. Today people have a chance to have full information about political, economic and cultural events in their own country and abroad. 290

Radio appeared earlier than TV. In 1901 ah Italian physicist named Guglielrno Marconi received wireless telegraphic messages sent from Cornwall to Newfoundland. It was hailed as a triumph. Radio underwent rapid improvement in the period before World War II. Today there are a lot of radio stations of many different types and so much variety. Talk shows and music programmes with disc jockeys are very popular. 290

Now almost every family in the civilised world has a TV set. Television plays an important role in our society, not only as an entertainer and informant, but also because of the grip it has on many people. Television channels easily go into people's home taking in their time and life. 290

The role of the Mass Media in our life 291

or a confession to make, they will 1 . st . n (4) and give you helpful . dv . c . (5). Their g … n … r … s … t … (6) is such that they do not expect anything in return, but they know with certainty that you would do the s …m … (7) for them.

Close friends are unlikely ever to let you d… wn (8) or make you feel ridiculous when you tell them about your pr . bl . ms (9). On the contrary, they are a real source of strength when you feel w …k (10) and in need of support. They will tell you s ….nc… r …1… (11) what they think, and help you find your way out. As a result, your fr … ndsh . p (12) will grow even stronger.

Exercise 19. Fill in the gaps with suitable words from the box. There are more words than you need:

pleased funny impression like sensible across humour sense good appear

A: Have you met the new boss yet?

B: No, tell me – what’s he (1) ... ?

A: Well, I met him this morning and my first (2) ... was very positive.

He came (3) ... as pleasant, and I hear he’s got a great sense of (4) ... .

B: So he’s made a (5) ... impression on you then?

A: Yes. He used to work in the sales department and the people I know

there say he’s got a lot of common (6) ... . I think he’s just what

we need here.

Exercise 20. Read and translate the text: