- •Basic sound table
- •Bisyllabic clusters
- •The use of accented vowels in common spelling
- •Types of accent used in italian spelling
- •Instead, not all fonts have capital (uppercase) accented letters; Times New Roman and Arial fonts, among the most commonly used, have the following codes: try them out.
- •Very few words have this ending, but the rule is the same as for similar cases discussed above: vowel I is kept in both masculine and feminine plurals.
- •Indefinite articles
- •Indefinite articles used as pronouns
- •Combining articles with noun-adjective and adjective-noun
- •Fractions
- •Indicativo (indicative)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Vedere (to see)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as subjects
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as objects or copulas
- •Interrogative form
- •Negative form
- •Questo (this) - quello (that)
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Important note
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Note accented vowels are used to mark the accent (stress) in verbs of the 2nd conjugation, but remember that they are not used in common spelling
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case, the English past perfect corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case the English compound tense corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •The days of the week
- •Seasons
- •Italian also has adjectives referring to each season:
- •Centuries
- •Fractions of the hour
- •Mezzogiorno, la mezza, mezzanotte
- •Adverbs prima, dopo, durante
- •Gender and number of past participle
- •Auxiliary verbs used in reflexive forms
- •Congiuntivo presente (present subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo passato (perfect subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo trapassato (pluperfect subjunctive)
- •Condizionale presente
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand)
- •Condizionale passato
- •1St conjugation - domandare (to ask - transitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose - transitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand - transitive)
- •1St conjugation - stare (to stay, to remain - intransitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - cadere (to fall - intransitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - uscire (to go out, to come out - intransitive)
- •Imperativo essere
- •1St conjugation - pensare (to think)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendere (to take)
- •3Rd conjugation - sentire (to feel)
- •1St conjugation - mangiarsi (to eat, to eat up, to have food)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendersi (to take, to choose, to have as a choice)
- •3Rd conjugation - vestirsi (to get dressed, to dress up as a choice)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendermi (to catch me, or to take for me, to fetch me)
- •219 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.Franklang.Ru
Presente
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
(io) sono |
I am |
|
siamo |
we are |
2nd person |
|
sei |
you are (singular) |
|
siete |
you are (plural) |
3rd person |
|
è |
he/she/it is |
|
(essi/esse) sono |
they are |
A first important thing to remember is that Italian verbs do not necessarily need a personal pronoun, since all different persons (singular and plural) have a specific inflection. So, when the subject of a sentence is a personal pronoun, it may often be omitted. The sentence might therefore appear without a subject, because in English it is always mentioned, but in Italian the verb's inflection is often sufficient to understand who carries out the action. Only inflection sono occurs in two persons, 1st singular and 3rd plural, and might be mistaken. But also in this case, there is no need to use a pronoun when the other parts of the sentence make it clear to whom sono refers:
sono alto = I am tall (alto is singular, therefore sono can only be 1st singular person) sono giovani = they are young (giovani is plural, therefore sono is 3rd plural person)
Pronouns, though, may be used to give a certain emphasis, or to show a contrast. Focus this case:
sei un uomo = you are a man tu sei un uomo = you are a man
The second sentence might carry a meaning of you are a man, not me, or her, or you are indeed a man, not a woman, giving a certain stress to "you". Also when the sentence expresses a contrast, personal pronouns may be used for the same reason explained above:
io sono un uomo e tu sei una donna = I am a man and you are a woman noi siamo veloci, voi siete lenti = we are fast, you are slow
But if no emphasis is required, Italian often omits the pronoun:
sono magro (alternatively io sono magro) = I am thin sei un uomo (alternatively tu sei un uomo) = you are a man siete ragazzi (alternatively voi siete ragazzi) = you are boys è un vecchio libro (alternatively esso è un vecchio libro) = it's an old book è una brava insegnante (alternatively ella è una brava insegnante) = she is a good teacher sono vecchie (alternatively esse sono vecchie) = they are old (feminine)
So, there is no need to worry about the choice of pronouns. But should the latter be used for more emphasis, they need to match the verb by gender and number. Plural forms will obviously be told by the same verb inflection:
sono giovane = I am young siamo giovani = we are young sei alto = you are tall (masculine) siete alti = you are tall (plural)
