- •Basic sound table
- •Bisyllabic clusters
- •The use of accented vowels in common spelling
- •Types of accent used in italian spelling
- •Instead, not all fonts have capital (uppercase) accented letters; Times New Roman and Arial fonts, among the most commonly used, have the following codes: try them out.
- •Very few words have this ending, but the rule is the same as for similar cases discussed above: vowel I is kept in both masculine and feminine plurals.
- •Indefinite articles
- •Indefinite articles used as pronouns
- •Combining articles with noun-adjective and adjective-noun
- •Fractions
- •Indicativo (indicative)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Vedere (to see)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as subjects
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as objects or copulas
- •Interrogative form
- •Negative form
- •Questo (this) - quello (that)
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Important note
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Note accented vowels are used to mark the accent (stress) in verbs of the 2nd conjugation, but remember that they are not used in common spelling
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case, the English past perfect corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case the English compound tense corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •The days of the week
- •Seasons
- •Italian also has adjectives referring to each season:
- •Centuries
- •Fractions of the hour
- •Mezzogiorno, la mezza, mezzanotte
- •Adverbs prima, dopo, durante
- •Gender and number of past participle
- •Auxiliary verbs used in reflexive forms
- •Congiuntivo presente (present subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo passato (perfect subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo trapassato (pluperfect subjunctive)
- •Condizionale presente
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand)
- •Condizionale passato
- •1St conjugation - domandare (to ask - transitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose - transitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand - transitive)
- •1St conjugation - stare (to stay, to remain - intransitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - cadere (to fall - intransitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - uscire (to go out, to come out - intransitive)
- •Imperativo essere
- •1St conjugation - pensare (to think)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendere (to take)
- •3Rd conjugation - sentire (to feel)
- •1St conjugation - mangiarsi (to eat, to eat up, to have food)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendersi (to take, to choose, to have as a choice)
- •3Rd conjugation - vestirsi (to get dressed, to dress up as a choice)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendermi (to catch me, or to take for me, to fetch me)
- •219 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.Franklang.Ru
Imperfetto
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
parlavo |
I talked |
|
parlavamo |
we talked |
2nd person |
|
parlavi |
you talked (singular) |
|
parlavate |
you talked (plural) |
3rd person |
|
parlava |
he/she/it talked |
|
parlavano |
they talked |
Also in this case, all accents falls on the penultimate syllable of each person, except for parlavano, whose stressed syllable is the antipenultimate (pronounced "pahrlahvahnoh"). le tre donne compravano il pane = the three women bought [the] bread (as a continuous action: this could be translated as the three women used to buy bread, not only on that occasion, but usually, often, etc.; also note the use of an article where English omits it) l'uomo portava un pacco = the man carried a parcel (obviously, in this case the man did not usually carry a parcel, but the use of imperfect gives a sense of "the man was carrying the parcel", as a continuous action, almost as to show the man with the parcel still in his hands) ascoltavo la radio = I listened to the radio (again, suggesting a continuous action: this could be translated as "I was listening to the radio", maybe only on that occasion, but as an action in progress; note how in Italian the verb is transitive, and does not require preposition "to")
FUTURO
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
parlerò |
I shall talk |
|
parleremo |
we shall talk |
2nd person |
|
parlerai |
you will talk (singular) |
|
parlerete |
you will talk (plural) |
3rd person |
|
parlerà |
he/she/it will talk |
|
parleranno |
they will talk |
Accent falls on the penultimate syllable of each inflection, except parlerò and parlerà, whose stress is on the last syllable (pronounced "pahrlehroh" and "pahrlehrah"): also the two irregular verbs already discussed have the same pattern. cucineremo una bistecca = we shall cook a steak il cane salterà lo steccato e scapperà = the dog will jump [over] the fence and will run away (in Italian the verb to jump is transitive, and does not require preposition "over")
--- PHONETIC CHANGES ---
When the last consonant of the verb's root is c or g, all future tense inflections needs an h for phonetic reasons:
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
giocherò |
I shall play |
|
giocheremo |
we shall play |
2nd person |
|
giocherai |
you will play (singular) |
|
giocherete |
you will play (plural) |
3rd person |
|
giocherà |
he/she/it will play |
|
giocheranno |
they will play |
again, the h gives a "hard" sound (English sound: "johkehroh", "johkehrahyh", etc.); without an h, the pronounciation would be "johchehroh", etc. pagherò = I shall pay attaccherò = I shall attack
Instead, verbs whose last letter of the root is i, drop this vowel when it becomes phonetically redundant:
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
mangerò |
I shall eat |
|
mangeremo |
we shall eat |
2nd person |
|
mangerai |
you will eat (singular) |
|
mangerete |
you will eat (plural) |
3rd person |
|
mangerà |
he/she/it will eat |
|
mangeranno |
they will eat |
the root of verb mangiare is mangi..., but in future tense inflections is drops the i and becomes mang..., because since these inflections start with vowel e, there is no need to keep vowel i: both mangerò (correct) and mangierò (incorrect) sound like "mahnjehroh".
