- •Basic sound table
- •Bisyllabic clusters
- •The use of accented vowels in common spelling
- •Types of accent used in italian spelling
- •Instead, not all fonts have capital (uppercase) accented letters; Times New Roman and Arial fonts, among the most commonly used, have the following codes: try them out.
- •Very few words have this ending, but the rule is the same as for similar cases discussed above: vowel I is kept in both masculine and feminine plurals.
- •Indefinite articles
- •Indefinite articles used as pronouns
- •Combining articles with noun-adjective and adjective-noun
- •Fractions
- •Indicativo (indicative)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Vedere (to see)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as subjects
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as objects or copulas
- •Interrogative form
- •Negative form
- •Questo (this) - quello (that)
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Important note
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Note accented vowels are used to mark the accent (stress) in verbs of the 2nd conjugation, but remember that they are not used in common spelling
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case, the English past perfect corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case the English compound tense corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •The days of the week
- •Seasons
- •Italian also has adjectives referring to each season:
- •Centuries
- •Fractions of the hour
- •Mezzogiorno, la mezza, mezzanotte
- •Adverbs prima, dopo, durante
- •Gender and number of past participle
- •Auxiliary verbs used in reflexive forms
- •Congiuntivo presente (present subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo passato (perfect subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo trapassato (pluperfect subjunctive)
- •Condizionale presente
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand)
- •Condizionale passato
- •1St conjugation - domandare (to ask - transitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose - transitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand - transitive)
- •1St conjugation - stare (to stay, to remain - intransitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - cadere (to fall - intransitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - uscire (to go out, to come out - intransitive)
- •Imperativo essere
- •1St conjugation - pensare (to think)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendere (to take)
- •3Rd conjugation - sentire (to feel)
- •1St conjugation - mangiarsi (to eat, to eat up, to have food)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendersi (to take, to choose, to have as a choice)
- •3Rd conjugation - vestirsi (to get dressed, to dress up as a choice)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendermi (to catch me, or to take for me, to fetch me)
- •219 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.Franklang.Ru
Trapassato prossimo
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
avevo alzato |
I had lifted |
|
avevamo alzato |
we had lifted |
2nd person |
|
avevi alzato |
you had lifted (singular) |
|
avevate alzato |
you had lifted (plural) |
3rd person |
|
aveva alzato |
he/she/it had lifted |
|
avevano alzato |
they had lifted |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1st person |
|
ero scappato |
I had escaped |
|
eravamo scappati |
we had escaped |
2nd person |
|
eri scappato |
you had escaped (singular) |
|
eravate scappati |
you had escaped (plural) |
3rd person |
|
era scappato |
he/she/it had escaped |
|
erano scappati |
they had escaped |
In this case, the English past perfect corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
avevi alzato il volume della radio = you (singular) had raised the radio volume erano scappate da casa = they (feminine) had ran away from home avevate telefonato a Paolo = you (plural) had phoned Paul
Trapassato remoto
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
ebbi alzato |
I had lifted |
|
avemmo alzato |
we had lifted |
2nd person |
|
avesti alzato |
you had lifted (singular) |
|
aveste alzato |
you had lifted (plural) |
3rd person |
|
avesti alzato |
he/she/it had lifted |
|
ebbero alzato |
they had lifted |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1st person |
|
fui scappato |
I have escaped |
|
furono scappati |
we had escaped |
2nd person |
|
fosti scappato |
you have escaped (singular) |
|
foste scappati |
you had escaped (plural) |
3rd person |
|
fu scappato |
he/she/it has escaped |
|
fummo scappati |
they had escaped |
The use of this tense, less common than others, has already been discussed; here are a few more examples.
quando tutti i gatti furono scappati, il cane tornò indietro = when all the cats had ran away, the dog came back notice how this tense describes an early action, which has already finished when the following action starts. The latter is in passato remoto tense (English simple past). Had there not been a following action, the trapassato prossimo tense would have been used: tutti i topi erano scappati, così il gatto tornò indietro = all the rats had ran off, so the cat came back