- •Basic sound table
- •Bisyllabic clusters
- •The use of accented vowels in common spelling
- •Types of accent used in italian spelling
- •Instead, not all fonts have capital (uppercase) accented letters; Times New Roman and Arial fonts, among the most commonly used, have the following codes: try them out.
- •Very few words have this ending, but the rule is the same as for similar cases discussed above: vowel I is kept in both masculine and feminine plurals.
- •Indefinite articles
- •Indefinite articles used as pronouns
- •Combining articles with noun-adjective and adjective-noun
- •Fractions
- •Indicativo (indicative)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Vedere (to see)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as subjects
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as objects or copulas
- •Interrogative form
- •Negative form
- •Questo (this) - quello (that)
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Important note
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Note accented vowels are used to mark the accent (stress) in verbs of the 2nd conjugation, but remember that they are not used in common spelling
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case, the English past perfect corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case the English compound tense corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •The days of the week
- •Seasons
- •Italian also has adjectives referring to each season:
- •Centuries
- •Fractions of the hour
- •Mezzogiorno, la mezza, mezzanotte
- •Adverbs prima, dopo, durante
- •Gender and number of past participle
- •Auxiliary verbs used in reflexive forms
- •Congiuntivo presente (present subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo passato (perfect subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo trapassato (pluperfect subjunctive)
- •Condizionale presente
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand)
- •Condizionale passato
- •1St conjugation - domandare (to ask - transitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose - transitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand - transitive)
- •1St conjugation - stare (to stay, to remain - intransitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - cadere (to fall - intransitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - uscire (to go out, to come out - intransitive)
- •Imperativo essere
- •1St conjugation - pensare (to think)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendere (to take)
- •3Rd conjugation - sentire (to feel)
- •1St conjugation - mangiarsi (to eat, to eat up, to have food)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendersi (to take, to choose, to have as a choice)
- •3Rd conjugation - vestirsi (to get dressed, to dress up as a choice)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendermi (to catch me, or to take for me, to fetch me)
- •219 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.Franklang.Ru
Presente
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
ho |
I have |
|
abbiamo |
we have |
2nd person |
|
hai |
you have (singular) |
|
avete |
you have (plural) |
3rd person |
|
ha |
he/she/it has |
|
hanno |
they have |
Two considerations: accent falls on the penultimate syllable, except in those inflections which only have one, ho, hai, and ha, which sound like "oh" "ahyh" and "ah", spelled without an accented vocal on the last letter because no other accent would be possible (as in simple past inflection fu, see paragraph 4.3); a second note is about the spelling of inflections starting with an h: in Italian, this consonant is absolutely soundless, so read the word as if the h was not there. The reason for which h is added is that similar words (without an h) exist: ai = to the (pronounced exactly like hai = you have); a = to or for (pronounced exactly like ha = he/she/it has); anno = year (pronounced exactly like hanno = they have); etc. So the consonant is merely graphic, to indicate the verb's inflections.
ha una bella casa = he or she has a nice home hanno due gatti = they have two cats tu hai un gatto, ma io ho un cane = you have a cat, but I have a dog (notice the use of pronouns for stressing the opposition)
Imperfetto
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
avevo |
I had |
|
avevamo |
we had |
2nd person |
|
avevi |
you had (singular) |
|
avevate |
you had (plural) |
3rd person |
|
aveva |
he/she/it had |
|
avevano |
they had |
As for the same tense of the verb essere, accent falls on the penultimate syllable of each of them, except for avevano, whose stressed syllable is the antepenultimate (pronounced "ahvehvahnoh"). Always remember that the imperfect tense expresses the concept of a past action which has not necessarily come to an end:
l'uomo aveva un grosso naso = the man had a big nose (this is a condition, which obviously was lasting for the whole time the sentence refers to) avevo tre automobili = I had three cars or I used to have three cars (probably I do no longer have them now, but nevertheless the expression carries the sense of "some time ago I used to have them", as a continuous condition).
FUTURO
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
avrò |
I shall be |
|
avremo |
we shall be |
2nd person |
|
avrai |
you will be (singular) |
|
avrete |
you will be (plural) |
3rd person |
|
avrà |
he/she/it will be |
|
avranno |
they will be |
Accents fall on the penultimate syllable of each inflection, except avrò and avrà which behave like sarò and sarà (see future tense of essere): although both verbs are irregular, their future tense has the same patterns.
