- •Basic sound table
- •Bisyllabic clusters
- •The use of accented vowels in common spelling
- •Types of accent used in italian spelling
- •Instead, not all fonts have capital (uppercase) accented letters; Times New Roman and Arial fonts, among the most commonly used, have the following codes: try them out.
- •Very few words have this ending, but the rule is the same as for similar cases discussed above: vowel I is kept in both masculine and feminine plurals.
- •Indefinite articles
- •Indefinite articles used as pronouns
- •Combining articles with noun-adjective and adjective-noun
- •Fractions
- •Indicativo (indicative)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Vedere (to see)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as subjects
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as objects or copulas
- •Interrogative form
- •Negative form
- •Questo (this) - quello (that)
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Important note
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Note accented vowels are used to mark the accent (stress) in verbs of the 2nd conjugation, but remember that they are not used in common spelling
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case, the English past perfect corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case the English compound tense corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •The days of the week
- •Seasons
- •Italian also has adjectives referring to each season:
- •Centuries
- •Fractions of the hour
- •Mezzogiorno, la mezza, mezzanotte
- •Adverbs prima, dopo, durante
- •Gender and number of past participle
- •Auxiliary verbs used in reflexive forms
- •Congiuntivo presente (present subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo passato (perfect subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo trapassato (pluperfect subjunctive)
- •Condizionale presente
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand)
- •Condizionale passato
- •1St conjugation - domandare (to ask - transitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose - transitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand - transitive)
- •1St conjugation - stare (to stay, to remain - intransitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - cadere (to fall - intransitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - uscire (to go out, to come out - intransitive)
- •Imperativo essere
- •1St conjugation - pensare (to think)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendere (to take)
- •3Rd conjugation - sentire (to feel)
- •1St conjugation - mangiarsi (to eat, to eat up, to have food)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendersi (to take, to choose, to have as a choice)
- •3Rd conjugation - vestirsi (to get dressed, to dress up as a choice)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendermi (to catch me, or to take for me, to fetch me)
- •219 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.Franklang.Ru
Futuro anteriore
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singular |
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plural |
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1st person |
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avrò alzato |
I shall have lifted |
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avremo alzato |
we shall have lifted |
2nd person |
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avrai alzato |
you will have lifted (sing.) |
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avrete alzato |
you will have lifted (pl.) |
3rd person |
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avrà alzato |
he/she/it will have lifted |
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avranno alzato |
they will have lifted |
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1st person |
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sarò scappato |
I shall have escaped |
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saranno scappati |
we shall have escaped |
2nd person |
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sarai scappato |
you will have escaped (sing.) |
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sarete scappati |
you will have escaped (pl.) |
3rd person |
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sarà scappato |
he/she/it will have escaped |
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saranno scappati |
they will have escaped |
As previously said, this tense is mostly used for expressing chance:
il leone sarà scappato da uno zoo = the lion might have escaped from a zoo ieri avrò camminato almeno dieci chilometri = yesterday I have walked at least ten kilometers (what is not definite is the length of the walk, not the walk itself; "I might have walked at least ten kilometers" would sound slightly different, as if the walk had been uncertain, not the distance). avrà telefonato all'ufficio questa mattina = he might have phoned the office this morning
But in fewer cases it expresses a past action in the future:
telefonerò ad Enrico quando avrò parlato con suo figlio = literally I will phone Henry when I will have spoken to his son (but in English, it would be better to say "I will phone Henry as soon as I have spoken to his son", or "...after having spoken to his son").
.5
VERBS OF THE 2nd CONJUGATION PART II COMPOUND INDICATIVE TENSES
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To choose the right auxiliary verb, follow the same rule as the 1st conjugation: for transitive verbs use avere, while intransitive ones more often require avere, as well, but some use essere (check the dictionary). Since some verbs may be either transitive or intransitive according to different meanings, the auxiliary verb may change: for example crescere = to grow requires essere in expressions such as this plant has grown, the dog had rapidly grown, etc., but it requires verb avere when it is used with a transitive meaning i.e. he grew (up) two children, etc. Tables will be shown by using spingere = (to push, transitive), whose past participle is spinto, and scendere (to go down, to come off, always intransitive, requiring essere), whose past participle is sceso.