- •Basic sound table
- •Bisyllabic clusters
- •The use of accented vowels in common spelling
- •Types of accent used in italian spelling
- •Instead, not all fonts have capital (uppercase) accented letters; Times New Roman and Arial fonts, among the most commonly used, have the following codes: try them out.
- •Very few words have this ending, but the rule is the same as for similar cases discussed above: vowel I is kept in both masculine and feminine plurals.
- •Indefinite articles
- •Indefinite articles used as pronouns
- •Combining articles with noun-adjective and adjective-noun
- •Fractions
- •Indicativo (indicative)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Vedere (to see)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as subjects
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as objects or copulas
- •Interrogative form
- •Negative form
- •Questo (this) - quello (that)
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Important note
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Note accented vowels are used to mark the accent (stress) in verbs of the 2nd conjugation, but remember that they are not used in common spelling
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case, the English past perfect corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case the English compound tense corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •The days of the week
- •Seasons
- •Italian also has adjectives referring to each season:
- •Centuries
- •Fractions of the hour
- •Mezzogiorno, la mezza, mezzanotte
- •Adverbs prima, dopo, durante
- •Gender and number of past participle
- •Auxiliary verbs used in reflexive forms
- •Congiuntivo presente (present subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo passato (perfect subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo trapassato (pluperfect subjunctive)
- •Condizionale presente
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand)
- •Condizionale passato
- •1St conjugation - domandare (to ask - transitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose - transitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand - transitive)
- •1St conjugation - stare (to stay, to remain - intransitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - cadere (to fall - intransitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - uscire (to go out, to come out - intransitive)
- •Imperativo essere
- •1St conjugation - pensare (to think)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendere (to take)
- •3Rd conjugation - sentire (to feel)
- •1St conjugation - mangiarsi (to eat, to eat up, to have food)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendersi (to take, to choose, to have as a choice)
- •3Rd conjugation - vestirsi (to get dressed, to dress up as a choice)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendermi (to catch me, or to take for me, to fetch me)
- •219 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.Franklang.Ru
If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
l'uomo con il cane = the man with the dog (l'uomo col cane would be the form used in spoken language) la donna con la borsa = the woman with the hand-bag (la donna colla borsa would be correct in spoken language)
5.2
COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS
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Due to phonetic reasons, simple prepositions di, a, da, in, su, followed by an article bind to it, thus creating a compound preposition. Most of these changes concern both spoken and written language.
DI
with singular articles:
DI + LO = DELLO |
DI + IL = DEL |
DI + L' = DELL' |
DI + LA = DELLA |
with plural articles:
DI + I = DEI |
DI + GLI = DEGLI |
DI + LE = DELLE |
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il traffico della città = the city's traffic (literally: the traffic of the city) i rami dell'albero = the branches of the tree (or the tree's branches) i bagagli dei turisti = the tourists' luggage notice that the Italian word for luggage, bagagli, is plural
A
with singular articles:
A + LO = ALLO |
A + IL = AL |
A + L' = ALL' |
A + LA = ALLA |
with plural articles:
A + I = AI |
A + GLI = AGLI |
A + LE = ALLE |
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regaleranno un libro all'insegnante = they will give a book to the teacher porta l'automobile al garage = he/she takes the car to the garage chiederò agli amici di restare = I will ask the friends to stay notice that the verb chiedere = to ask needs preposition a (to) before the person whom the request is addressed to: only the object is introduced without a preposition.
DA
with singular articles:
DA + LO = DALLO |
DA + IL = DAL |
DA + L' = DALL' |
DA + LA = DALLA |
with plural articles:
DA + I = DAI |
DA + GLI = DAGLI |
DA + LE = DALLE |
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viaggerò dal nord al sud del paese = I will travel from the north to the south of the country l'evoluzione delle specie, dalla scimmia all'uomo = the evolution of species, from ape to man notice that many nouns expressing general categories (species, ape, man, etc.) in Italian require an article, therefore compound prepositions have to be used.
IN
with singular articles:
IN + LO = NELLO |
IN + IL = NEL |
IN + L' = NELL' |
IN + LA = NELLA |
with plural articles:
IN + I = NEI |
IN + GLI = NEGLI |
IN + LE = NELLE |
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il vino è nella bottiglia = the wine is in the bottle appesero i vestiti negli armadi = they hung the clothes into the wardrobes
SU
Unlike other prepositions, con might link to the following article, but especially in recent times the two words are left separate.
with singular articles:
SU + LO = SULLO |
SU + IL = SUL |
SU + L' = SULL' |
SU + LA = SULLA |
with plural articles:
SU + I = SUI |
SU + GLI = SUGLI |
SU + LE = SULLE |
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la casa sulla montagna = the house on the mountain il vento soffiava sopra i tetti degli edifici = the wind blowed over the roofs of the buildings
All other prepositions (con, per, tra, fra) do not bind to the article, and remain separate:
il regalo è per la signora = the gift is for the lady l'accordo con gli avversari = the agreement with the opponents il nido dell'uccello è fra i rami dell'albero = the bird's nest is among the tree's branches
Only preposition con is sometimes used in the compound form, but only in spoken language; many of its combinations have become almost obsolete in written language, and the unbound form (con + article) is now preferred in texts. Since these changes are merely phonetic, spoken language may use either of the two forms.
with singular articles:
CON + LO = COLLO |
CON + IL = COL |
CON + L' = COLL' |
CON + LA = COLLA |
with plural articles:
CON + I = COI |
CON + GLI = COGLI |
CON + LE = COLLE |
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