- •Basic sound table
- •Bisyllabic clusters
- •The use of accented vowels in common spelling
- •Types of accent used in italian spelling
- •Instead, not all fonts have capital (uppercase) accented letters; Times New Roman and Arial fonts, among the most commonly used, have the following codes: try them out.
- •Very few words have this ending, but the rule is the same as for similar cases discussed above: vowel I is kept in both masculine and feminine plurals.
- •Indefinite articles
- •Indefinite articles used as pronouns
- •Combining articles with noun-adjective and adjective-noun
- •Fractions
- •Indicativo (indicative)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Vedere (to see)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as subjects
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as objects or copulas
- •Interrogative form
- •Negative form
- •Questo (this) - quello (that)
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Important note
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Note accented vowels are used to mark the accent (stress) in verbs of the 2nd conjugation, but remember that they are not used in common spelling
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case, the English past perfect corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case the English compound tense corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •The days of the week
- •Seasons
- •Italian also has adjectives referring to each season:
- •Centuries
- •Fractions of the hour
- •Mezzogiorno, la mezza, mezzanotte
- •Adverbs prima, dopo, durante
- •Gender and number of past participle
- •Auxiliary verbs used in reflexive forms
- •Congiuntivo presente (present subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo passato (perfect subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo trapassato (pluperfect subjunctive)
- •Condizionale presente
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand)
- •Condizionale passato
- •1St conjugation - domandare (to ask - transitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose - transitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand - transitive)
- •1St conjugation - stare (to stay, to remain - intransitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - cadere (to fall - intransitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - uscire (to go out, to come out - intransitive)
- •Imperativo essere
- •1St conjugation - pensare (to think)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendere (to take)
- •3Rd conjugation - sentire (to feel)
- •1St conjugation - mangiarsi (to eat, to eat up, to have food)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendersi (to take, to choose, to have as a choice)
- •3Rd conjugation - vestirsi (to get dressed, to dress up as a choice)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendermi (to catch me, or to take for me, to fetch me)
- •219 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.Franklang.Ru
Congiuntivo presente (present subjunctive)
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plural |
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----- 1st conjugation ----- |
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1st person |
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(che) io lavi |
(that) I wash |
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(che) laviamo |
(that) we wash |
2nd person |
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(che) tu lavi |
(that) you wash (singular) |
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(che) laviate |
(that) you wash (plural) |
3rd person |
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(che) egli / ella lavi |
(that) he/she washes |
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(che) lavino |
(that) they wash |
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----- 2nd conjugation ----- |
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1st person |
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(che) io prenda |
(that) I take |
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(che) prendiamo |
(that) we take |
2nd person |
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(che) tu prenda |
(that) you take (singular) |
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(che) prendiate |
(that) you take (plural) |
3rd person |
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(che) egli/ella prenda |
(that) he/she take |
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(che) prendano |
(that) they take |
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----- 3rd conjugation ----- |
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1st person |
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(che) io apra |
(that) I open |
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(che) apriamo |
(that) we open |
2nd person |
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(che) tu apra |
(that) you open (singular) |
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(che) apriate |
(that) you open (plural) |
3rd person |
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(che) egli/ ella apra |
(that) he/she opens |
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(che) aprano |
(that) they open |
The third plural person has stress on the antipenultimate syllable (làvino, prèndano, àprano), in the same way as indicative tense inflections.
credo che lavino il cane spesso = I think that they wash the dog often spero che prendiate le chiavi = I hope that you (plur.) will take the keys voglio che tu apra la porta = I want you to open the door (literally "I want that you open the door") sebbene prendano il treno, arrivano sempre tardi = although they take the train, they always arrive late pensiamo che il negozio apra alle 8:00 = we think that the shop opens at 8 o'clock spero che la banca apra prima che voi prendiate il denaro da casa = I hope that the bank opens before you take the money from home
Since the three singular persons have the same inflection, personal pronouns are often used, not to mistake the person of the verb: che vada can mean that I go, that you go, or that he/she goes. The use of a personal pronoun, though, is not always compulsory, and may be omitted when the subject of the sentence is clearly understood, such as when in the same sentence a different tense referring to the same person follows the subjunctive one (this is the case of conditional sentences, dealt with in chapter 13).
9.2
SUBJUNCTIVE PAST TENSE
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The past tense of subjunctive (imperfetto) is used when the action expressed in a conditional sentence is not sure: if I came...; in the case you went...; should he call...; etc. Since conditional sentences will be discussed in paragraph 10.1, after having introduced conditional tenses, only the part of the sentence needing subjunctive will be shown in this page.