- •Basic sound table
- •Bisyllabic clusters
- •The use of accented vowels in common spelling
- •Types of accent used in italian spelling
- •Instead, not all fonts have capital (uppercase) accented letters; Times New Roman and Arial fonts, among the most commonly used, have the following codes: try them out.
- •Very few words have this ending, but the rule is the same as for similar cases discussed above: vowel I is kept in both masculine and feminine plurals.
- •Indefinite articles
- •Indefinite articles used as pronouns
- •Combining articles with noun-adjective and adjective-noun
- •Fractions
- •Indicativo (indicative)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Vedere (to see)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as subjects
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as objects or copulas
- •Interrogative form
- •Negative form
- •Questo (this) - quello (that)
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Important note
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Note accented vowels are used to mark the accent (stress) in verbs of the 2nd conjugation, but remember that they are not used in common spelling
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case, the English past perfect corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case the English compound tense corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •The days of the week
- •Seasons
- •Italian also has adjectives referring to each season:
- •Centuries
- •Fractions of the hour
- •Mezzogiorno, la mezza, mezzanotte
- •Adverbs prima, dopo, durante
- •Gender and number of past participle
- •Auxiliary verbs used in reflexive forms
- •Congiuntivo presente (present subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo passato (perfect subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo trapassato (pluperfect subjunctive)
- •Condizionale presente
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand)
- •Condizionale passato
- •1St conjugation - domandare (to ask - transitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose - transitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand - transitive)
- •1St conjugation - stare (to stay, to remain - intransitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - cadere (to fall - intransitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - uscire (to go out, to come out - intransitive)
- •Imperativo essere
- •1St conjugation - pensare (to think)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendere (to take)
- •3Rd conjugation - sentire (to feel)
- •1St conjugation - mangiarsi (to eat, to eat up, to have food)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendersi (to take, to choose, to have as a choice)
- •3Rd conjugation - vestirsi (to get dressed, to dress up as a choice)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendermi (to catch me, or to take for me, to fetch me)
- •219 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.Franklang.Ru
Passato prossimo
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
ho alzato |
I have lifted |
|
abbiamo alzato |
we have lifted |
2nd person |
|
hai alzato |
you have lifted (singular) |
|
avete alzato |
you have lifted (plural) |
3rd person |
|
ha alzato |
he/she/it has lifted |
|
hanno alzato |
they have lifted |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1st person |
|
sono scappato |
I have escaped |
|
siamo scappati |
we have escaped |
2nd person |
|
sei scappato |
you have escaped (singular) |
|
siete scappati |
you have escaped (plural) |
3rd person |
|
è scappato |
he/she/it has escaped |
|
sono scappati |
they have escaped |
You will notice that the intransitive verb uses the past participle also in PLURAL form. This depends on the fact that when essere is used as an auxiliary verb, the following past participle behaves almost as if it was an adjective, or a copula. So, when a past participle follows verb essere, it is gender- and number-sensitive.
sono scappato = I have escaped (said by a male) |
siamo scappati = we have escaped (said by males) |
sono scappata = I have escaped (said by a female) |
siamo scappate = we have escaped (said by females) |
This tense is used to translate actions which have been carried out a small time ago (a few minutes, up to a few weeks ago, but there is no fixed time limit). For older actions, passato remoto (English simple past) should be more properly used. In common speech, though, this tense is often used in place of passato remoto also for older actions. When translating this tense into English, often the closest equivalent is a simple past, not the actual compound tense (i.e. present perfect), but this is not a strict rule. Some elements in the sentence might help to decide which of the two is better.
questa mattina ho preso l'autobus = this morning I took the bus ha mangiato una grossa bistecca = he has eaten a big steak (but "he ate a big steak" would be a fair translation, as well) abbiamo telefonato a casa= we phoned home (notice how Italian requires the use of preposition a)
In the first sentence, Italian uses passato prossimo because "this morning" is a short time ago. English instead would use simple past: it sounds uncommon to use present perfect this morning I have taken the bus. In the same way, in Italian a simple past (questa mattina non presi l'autobus: camminai) would sound rather incorrect. So, when turning Italian into English, in most cases passato prossimo will require simple past; when doing the opposite translation (English into Italian), rely on how much time ago the action happened, but if you find difficulties with passato remoto tense, you can use the easier passato prossimo, in any case.