Important note

In Italian, the English form "to have something done" is translated in a completely different way, so expressions like "he has the car washed", or "he had the car washed" are NEVER translated with any of the tenses discussed above.

Futuro anteriore

		singular			plural
1st person		avrò avuto	I will have had		avremo avuto	we will have had
2nd person		avrai avuto	you will have had (singular)		avrete avuto	you will have had (plural)
3rd person		avrà avuto	he/she/it will have had		avremo avuto	they will have had

Again, this tense is mostly used for expressing chance:

il treno avrà avuto un problema = the train might have had a problem avranno avuto bel tempo = they might have had fine weather

But in fewer cases it does express a past action in the future:

pagherò quando avrò avuto una risposta = I will pay when I will have had a reply (in English, it would be more common to say "I will pay after having received a reply").

.3 PAST PARTICIPLE

Before introducing compound tenses of the three conjugations, it is necessary to become familiar with past participle.

Note accented vowels are used to mark the accent (stress) in verbs of the 2nd conjugation, but remember that they are not used in common spelling

Many verbs have a regular past participle, whose inflections are as follows:

1st CONJUGATION: infinitive ...are, past participle ....ato 2nd CONJUGATION: infinitive ...ere, past participle ....uto 3rd CONJUGATION: infinitive ...ire, past participle ....ito

camminare (to walk)	camminato (walked)
mangiare (to eat)	mangiato (eat)
saltare (to jump)	saltato (jumped)
véndere (to sell)	venduto (sold)
sedére (to sit)	seduto (sat)
prèmere (to press)	premuto (pressed)
capire (to understand)	capito (understood)
sentire (to hear)	sentito (heard)
partire (to leave)	partito (left)

Verbs of the 1st and 3rd conjugation have regular past participles in most cases, while very often verbs of the 2nd conjugation have an irregular one. Most dictionaries state irregular past participles: a common inflection is ...so:

prèndere (to take)	preso (taken)
scéndere (to come off, to come down)	sceso (come off)
estèndere (to extend)	esteso (extended)
spèndere (to spend)	speso (spent)
delùdere (to disappoint)	deluso (disapponted)
evàdere (to escape)	evaso (escaped)
chiùdere (to close)	chiuso (come off)

Some verbs double the s:

flèttere (to flex)	flesso (flexed)
méttere (to put, to place)	messo (put, placed)
sopprìmere (to cancel, to kill)	soppresso (cancelled, killed)	notice the change of i into e
esprìmere (to express)	espresso (cancelled, killed)	same as above
discùtere (to discuss)	discusso (read)

Some verbs have a ...to inflection:

spìngere (to push)	spinto (pushed)
piàngere (to cry)	pianto (cried)
avvòlgere (to wind)	avvolto (wound)
raccògliere (to pick up)	raccolto (picked up)	for phonetic reasons, the cluster gli turns into l

Some verbs have a similar inflection, but double the t:

lèggere (to read)	letto (read)
cuòcere (to cook)	cotto (cooked)	the u is dropped
dirìgere (to direct)	diretto (directed)	the second i turns into e

Sometimes a compound of ...so and ...to occurs, forming ...sto:

chiedere (to ask)	chiesto (asked)
nascondere (to hide)	nascosto (hidden)
vedére (to see, to watch)	visto (seen, watched)	this verb also allows the regular form veduto

A special case is that of two verbs belonging to the 3rd conjugation, whose past participle inflection is ...to, but with a number of changes in the verb's root:

soffrire (to suffer)	sofferto (suffered)
aprire (to open)	aperto (opened)

Notice how in the two cases above letter r swaps position with vowel i, which turns into e. Obviously you don't need to learn all forms at once, but try to get slowly familiar with them, because it is important to tell a past participle from other words (a noun, an adjective, etc.) whose last part mimics the above-mentioned inflections:

vaso (vase, noun); brutto (ugly, adjective); cesto (basket, noun); piatto (dish, noun); sotto (under - below, adverb); etc.

Also try to focus how verbs with similar phonetic structure often behave in the same way: if the past participle of spingere is spinto, verbs with a similar sound (tingere, vincere, dipingere, etc.) have a similar past participle. But this is not an absolute rule. Some past participles can be used both as a verbal tense and as an adjective; this happens also in English:

rotto (broken): I have broken the stick (verb) - the stick is broken (adjective); sigillato (sealed): you had sealed the envelope - the sealed envelope; rubato (stolen): they had stolen the car - the stolen car; etc. etc.

It is also important to learn how to trace back the verb's root (thus, the verb's infinitive) from its past participle. It's easy when the participle is regular:

preparato comes from preparare (to prepare) goduto comes from godére (to enjoy) fuggito comes from fuggire (to run off)

It's less easy for irregular participles:

compreso comes from comprèndere (to comprehend, to understand) compresso (notice, double s) comes from comprìmere (to press) chiuso comes from chiùdere (to close) aperto comes from aprire (to open) and so on.

.4 VERBS OF THE 1st CONJUGATION PART II COMPOUND INDICATIVE TENSES

As previously said, compound tenses are formed by the auxiliary verb avere when the verb is transitive (i.e. when the action expressed by the verb may have a direct object). Things are a little more complicated when the verb is intransitive (i.e. when the action may not have a direct object); in these cases, the auxiliary verb used may be avere, as well, but some require essere; dictionaries usually indicate which auxiliary intransitive verbs use in compound tenses. Therefore, the following examples show both situations, by using the transitive verb alzare (to lift, to raise) and the intransitive verb scappare (to run off, to escape). But a few examples with telefonare (to phone) will also be shown: unlike the English verb, in Italian it is an intransitive verb, and it always requires preposition a = to before the object, but the auxiliary verb is avere all the same. Most verbs of the 1st conjugation are transitive, despite some of them might seem intransitive at first sight: for example, lavorare = to work is not often followed by a direct object, but you can still work something (clay, wood, etc.), so it's perfectly transitive).