- •Basic sound table
- •Bisyllabic clusters
- •The use of accented vowels in common spelling
- •Types of accent used in italian spelling
- •Instead, not all fonts have capital (uppercase) accented letters; Times New Roman and Arial fonts, among the most commonly used, have the following codes: try them out.
- •Very few words have this ending, but the rule is the same as for similar cases discussed above: vowel I is kept in both masculine and feminine plurals.
- •Indefinite articles
- •Indefinite articles used as pronouns
- •Combining articles with noun-adjective and adjective-noun
- •Fractions
- •Indicativo (indicative)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Vedere (to see)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as subjects
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as objects or copulas
- •Interrogative form
- •Negative form
- •Questo (this) - quello (that)
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Important note
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Note accented vowels are used to mark the accent (stress) in verbs of the 2nd conjugation, but remember that they are not used in common spelling
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case, the English past perfect corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case the English compound tense corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •The days of the week
- •Seasons
- •Italian also has adjectives referring to each season:
- •Centuries
- •Fractions of the hour
- •Mezzogiorno, la mezza, mezzanotte
- •Adverbs prima, dopo, durante
- •Gender and number of past participle
- •Auxiliary verbs used in reflexive forms
- •Congiuntivo presente (present subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo passato (perfect subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo trapassato (pluperfect subjunctive)
- •Condizionale presente
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand)
- •Condizionale passato
- •1St conjugation - domandare (to ask - transitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose - transitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand - transitive)
- •1St conjugation - stare (to stay, to remain - intransitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - cadere (to fall - intransitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - uscire (to go out, to come out - intransitive)
- •Imperativo essere
- •1St conjugation - pensare (to think)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendere (to take)
- •3Rd conjugation - sentire (to feel)
- •1St conjugation - mangiarsi (to eat, to eat up, to have food)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendersi (to take, to choose, to have as a choice)
- •3Rd conjugation - vestirsi (to get dressed, to dress up as a choice)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendermi (to catch me, or to take for me, to fetch me)
- •219 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.Franklang.Ru
Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
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plural |
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----- 1st conjugation ----- |
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1st person |
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(che) io lavassi |
(that) I washed |
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(che) lavassimo |
(that) we washed |
2nd person |
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(che) tu lavassi |
(that) you washed (sing.) |
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(che) lavaste |
(that) you washed (pl.) |
3rd person |
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(che) egli / ella lavasse |
(that) he/she washed |
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(che) lavassero |
(that) they washed |
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----- 2nd conjugation ----- |
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1st person |
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(che) io prendessi |
(that) I took |
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(che) prendessimo |
(that) we took |
2nd person |
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(che) tu prendessi |
(that) you took (sing.) |
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(che) prendeste |
(that) you took (pl.) |
3rd person |
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(che) egli/ella prendesse |
(that) he/she took |
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(che) prendessero |
(that) they took |
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----- 3rd conjugation ----- |
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1st person |
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(che) io aprissi |
(that) I opened |
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(che) aprissimo |
(that) we opened |
2nd person |
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(che) tu aprissi |
(that) you opened (sing.) |
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(che) apriste |
(that) you opened (pl.) |
3rd person |
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(che) egli/ ella aprisse |
(that) he/she opened |
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(che) aprissero |
(that) they opened |
A first consideration is that the inflection of the third singular person is not exactly as the first two, since it changes the last vowel into e. A second observation is that also the first plural person has stress on the antipenultimate syllable (lavàssimo, prendèssimo, aprìssimo), in the same way as the third plural persons usually have.
se io lavassi il cane... = if I washed the dog... nel caso prendeste l'autobus... = in the case you (plural) took the bus... se aprissero la porta... = if they opened the door...
Past subjunctive is only required when the other part of the sentence uses a conditional tense. The difference will be easy to understand focusing these examples (by now, disregard the conditional inflection):
se mi incontri, ti inviterò a pranzo = if you meet me, I will invite you to lunch (no subjunctive required: present indicative for "meet", future for "will invite") se mi incontrassi, ti inviterei a pranzo = if you met me, I would invite you to lunch (past subjunctive required for "met", conditional required for "would invite") volete che io rimanga = you (plural) want me to stay (literally: "you want that I stay") (as explained in paragraph 9.1, present indicative for "want", present subjunctive for "stay") vorreste che io rimanessi = you would like me to stay (literally: "you would like that I stayed") (past subjunctive required for "would like", conditional required for "stay")
Further examples will be shown in paragraph 10.1.
.3
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT AND PAST OF VERBS ESSERE AND AVERE
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i-9-4.htmli -9-4.html |
These are the tables of the same subjunctive tenses discussed in the previous two paragraphs. Take your time to learn them, since they will be required for the two compound tenses which will be discussed in the following paragraph. Besides being auxiliary verbs, though, they may be also used alone, according to the same rules explained in paragraphs 9.1 and 9.2.
~ ESSERE ~ CONGIUNTIVO PRESENTE (present subjunctive)
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singular |
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plural |
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1st person |
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(che) io sia |
(that) I are |
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(che) siamo |
(that) we are |
2nd person |
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(che) tu sia |
(that) you are (sing.) |
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(che) siate |
(that) you are (pl.) |
3rd person |
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(che) egli / ella sia |
(that) he/she is |
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(che) siano |
(that) they are |