Active Vocabulary 4

crop rotation – с.-х. севооборот

cultivation techniques [kʌltɪˈveɪʃn tɛkˈniːks] – техника обработки земель

sowing [ˈsəʊɪŋ] – посев, засевание

under-sowing – посев под покров

conservation tillage [ˈtɪlɪdʒ] – сохранение обработанной почвы (пашни)

fertilization – внесение удобрений

hygiene measures [ˈhʌɪdʒiːn ˈmeʒəz] – гигиенические меры

harmful organisms – вредные организмы

diagnosis systems [ˌdʌɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs] – диагностические системы

threshold values [ˈθrɛʃəʊld] – пороговые значения

1. Translate the following word combinations into Russian:

Stale seedbed technique, irrigation/drainage practices, enhancement of important beneficial organisms, the utilisation of ecological infrastructures, to the necessary extent, scientifically sound warning, professionally qualified advisors.

2. Read the following text and say:

a) what the term “cultivation techniques” means;

b) what subjects are touched upon in the text.

Text 4. General Principles Integrated Plant Protection

The prevention and/or combating of harmful organsims shall be accomplished or supported among other options especially by: crop rotation; use of adequate cultivation techniques (for example stale seedbed technique prior to sowing/ planting, sowing dates and densities, under-sowing, conservation tillage, pruning and direct sowing); use, where appropriate, of resistant/tolerant cultivars and standard/certified seed and planting material; use of balanced fertilisation, liming and irrigation/drainage practices; preventing the spreading of harmful organisms by hygiene measures (for example by regular cleansing of machinery and equipment); protection and enhancement of important beneficial organisms, for example by adequate plant protection measures or the utilisation of ecological infrastructures inside and outside production sites.

Sustainable biological, physical and other non-chemical methods must be preferred to chemical methods if they provide satisfactory pest control.

The professional user should keep the use of pesticides and other forms of intervention to the necessary extent, for example by reduced doses, reduced application frequency or partial applications, considering that the level of risk in vegetation is acceptable and they do not increase the risk for development of resistance in populations of harmful organisms.

Harmful organisms must be monitored by adequate methods and tools, where available. Such adequate tools should include observations in the field as well as scientifically sound warning, forecasting and early diagnosis systems, where feasible, as well as the use of advice from professionally qualified advisors.

Based on the results of the monitoring the professional user has to decide whether and when to apply plant protection measures. Robust and scientifically sound threshold values are essential components for decision making. For harmful organisms threshold levels defined for the region, specific areas, crops and particular climatic conditions must be taken into account before treatments, where feasible.