2. Read the following text and say:

a) what the term “successful cultivar” means;

b) what subjects are touched upon in the text

Text 1 ‘Chili’ (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) pear fruit

‘Chili’ (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) pear fruit is native to China and has an obovate shape, yellow-green skin and a recessed calyx. It is a successful cultivar of Asian pear with a high sugar content and juicy flesh, but the fruit of the ‘Chili’ pear has large fruit lenticels and a rough pericarp, which limits its popularity. Regarding the mechanisms of ‘Chili’ pear fruit lenticel formation the researcher suggested that the stoma of pear fruit is destroyed during fruit development and that the parenchyma in the cavity of the stoma resumes dividing and forms the phellogen. The phellogen then produces cork cells that gradually appear on the skin of the fruit, and a fruit lenticel forms, indicating that formation of the fruit lenticel is related to the production of cork cells. Many studies have shown that lignin and other phenolic substances are structural components of cork cells, but there are few reports regarding the relationship between lignin and the fruit lenticel.

Preharvest bagging improves the skin color, avoids biological and abiotic stress, and changes the microenvironment of fruit development, which has multiple effects on fruit quality. It had been reported that the use of a small transparent paraffin paper bag or large brown craft paper bag for ‘Housui’ pears resulted in a better appearance, as the fruit were more uniform in size and had smooth, shiny skin with small lenticels. Similarly, another researcher suggested that paper-bagged ‘Cuiguan’ and ‘Hosui’ pears were brighter and more attractive, with fewer visible russet dots than non-bagged fruit. Although much research has been performed on the effect of bagging on the pear fruit quality of various cultivars, the type of bag recommended for one fruit may not work well for another fruit the ideal type of bag for ‘Chili’ pear fruit is unknown.

Polyethylene (PE) bags have been widely used in orchards because of their lower cost and good light transmission. Had been reported that ‘Doyenne du Comice’ pears bagged with micro-perforated PE bags ~30 days after full bloom showed greener and lighter skin color than non-bagged fruit.

3. Using the text above, finish the following sentences:

1) The ‘Chili’ pear has large fruit lenticels and a rough pericarp, which…

2) Many studies have shown that lignin and other phenolic substances are structural components of…

3) Preharvest bagging improves …, avoids …, and changes …

4) The use of a small transparent paraffin paper bag or large brown craft paper bag for ‘Housui’…

5) Similarly, another researcher suggested that…

6) ‘Hosui’ pears were brighter and more attractive, with fewer visible russet dots than…

7) Polyethylene (PE) bags have been widely used in orchards because of…

4. Answer the following questions:

1) Is ‘Chili’ (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) pear fruit native to China?

2) What has rich sugar content and juicy flesh?

3) Is the stoma of pear fruit destroyed during fruit development?

4) What does the phellogen then produce?

5) Why were the fruit more uniform in size and had smooth, shiny skin with small lenticels?

5. Write the summary of the text above.

6. Retell the text “Chili (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) pear fruit”.

7. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Плоды груши ‘Chili’ произрастают в Китае и имеют яйцевидную форму, желто-зеленую кожицу и утопленную чашечку.

2) У данного сорта азиатской груши высокое содержание сахара и наличие сочной мякоти, но плоды груши «Чили» имеют крупные плодовые чечевицы и шероховатый околоплодник, что делает их менее популярными.

3) Предуборочное мешкование улучшает цвет кожицы плода, позволяет избежать биологического и абиотического стресса, изменяет микроокружение развития плода, что оказывает положительное влияние на его качество.

4) Мешки из полиэтилена (PE) широко используются в садах из-за их более низкой стоимости и хорошей передачи света.

5) Сообщалось, что у груш «Doyenne du Comice» в мешках с микроперфорированными полиэтиленовыми пакетами примерно через 30 дней после полного цветения была более зеленая и тонкая кожица чем у плодов без упаковки.