Вefоre you read the тext

1. Memorize.

pedal organ ножной мануал

great organ главный мануал

swell organ верхний мануал

choir organ смешанный мануал

solo organ сольный мануал

echo organ эховый мануал

foundation stops принципалы

mutation stops аликвоты

mixture stops микстуры

2. Practise aloud.

combine – combination, divide – division, select – selection, found – foundation, invent – invention, register – registration, move – movement, facilitate – facility, couple – coupler, major – majority, loud – loudness; art – artificial, occasion – occasional – occasionally, consider – considerable – considerably

3. Pronounce correctly.

pedal, organ, series, register, section, specification, piston, overtone, resource, hydraulics, size, operate, control, arrange, imitate, electric(al), mechanical, pneumatic, antique, positive, portative, individual

4. Read the sentences and translate them paying special attention to the italicized words.

1. The tape-recorder has many buttons. 2. The instrument has certain demensions. 3. There is an artificial wind supply in the organ. 4. In the piano the pedals correct the sound, similarly, there are foot pedals in the organ. 5. A great number of pipes are provided in the organ. 6. You simply touch a button and the instrument gives a sound. 7. The majority of the listeners were musicians. 8. Finally this group of instruments doesn't play a great role in an orchestra. 9. Pneumatic pressure is considerably easier to produce than hydraulic. 10. Some devices of an old instrument were replaced by modern ones. 11. Formerly organs had foot-operated bellows. 12. In every pipe the movement of air generates a sound. 1З. The conductor makes the instruments sound singly or together. 14. Each instrument has its own timbre.

5. Translate into Russian analysing the prepositions.

1. The instrument consists of several keyboards. 2. The manuals are played by the hands. 3. The wind is admitted to the pipes. 4. The wind is transmitted through the holes. 5. The ranks are controlled by stops. 6. Kazakov, for instance, played Bach on his accordion. 7. Any manual can be coupled to the pedal. 8. In order to have a wonderful instrument at their court the Frankish kings made their craftsmen imitate the organs presented by emperors of Bysantium. 9. The player can arrange a selection of stops in advance. 10. The mutation stops must be used only together with a foundation stops. 1l. The hydraulic pressure was replaced by pneumatic pressure. 12. In England there was an organ worked by 70 men.

6. Look through text A and tell in a few words what it is about.

7. Read text A carefully.

Text a organ

This instrument consists of several keyboards (manuals and pedal, the manuals to be played by the hands, the pedal by the feet), stops, a great number of pipes, an artificial wind supply (formerly by hand and foot-operated bellows, now by an electric blower) and an action (formerly mechanical, now pneumatic or electrical) by which the movement of the keys and stops is trans­mitted to the valves which open and close the holes through which the wind is admitted to the pipes. Even the smallest organs have several series of pipes, each series (called a rank) consists of pipes of given tone colour, different form than that of another rank. These ranks (or registers) are controlled by stops which make any of the ranks sound either singly or in combination with others. Modern organs often have from fifty to one hundred stops. They also have three, four or five (occasionally up to seven) manuals and a pedal keyboard, each of which controls a separate division of the pipes, i.e., a section comprising a certain selection, approximately ten, of the stops. The divisions are called:

Pedal Organ (pedal)

Great Organ (first manual)

Swell Organ (second manual)

Choir Organ (third manual)

Solo Organ (fourth manual)

Echo Organ (fifth manual)

Each organ has its own specifications as to selection of stops and their allotment to the various manuals. Organs also have devices which make the various divisions available on other keyboards than their own. These are the so-called couplers. For instance, Coupler Swell-to-Great makes available any stop of the Swell Organ on the manual of the Great Organ. Similarly any ma­nual can be coupled to the pedal and vice versa. In order to facilitate stop changes, pistons (combination stops, composition stops) usually in the shape of small round buttons, are provided. On each of these the player can arrange in advance a selection of stops which are then brought into play by merely touching the button.

The majority of the organ stops are foundation stops, i. e., stops tuned in the pitch of the key. In addition there are a number of mutation stops, i.e., stops tuned at the pitch of one of the harmonics of the key. The purpose of these stops is to re­inforce a certain overtone. Therefore they must be used only together with a foundation stop of considerably greater loudness in which case they will produce a new tone colour of a very distinctive nature. Finally there are mixture stops, i.e., stops which combine a selection of foundation and mutation ranks, serving the same purpose as the mutation stops. Mutation and mixture stops, if properly used, are among the most valuable resources of the organ player.

The invention of the organ goes back to Greek antiquity. As early as the 4th century after Christ the water pressure of the hydraulics was replaced by pneumatic pressure, provided by bel­lows. In the 7th and 8th centuries organ building developed at Constantinopole and several emperors of Byzantium sent organs to the court of the Frankish kings where they were greatly admired and imitated. An organ of extraordinary size having 26 bellows worked by 70 men was built in the 10th century at Winchester in England. In the 13th to 15th centuries small organs called positive and portative were developed in which the heavy “slides” of the earlier instruments were replaced by keys. In the l5th century the pedal as well as individual stops permitting regist­ration were added and about 1500 an instrument emerged which had all the basic devices of a fully developed organ.

Geographical Names

Byzantium [bi’zxntIqm]

Constantinopole [,kOnstxntI’noupl]