- •Contents
- •Unit 2
- •I. Income and Spending
- •Tlie Budget, Taxes
- •Unit 4
- •International Organisations lex!, International Organisations 270
- •Unit 1
- •The Financial System
- •Unit 6
- •The World We Live In
- •1. The Social Profile and State Structure
- •Vocabulary List
- •Comprehension
- •Notes on the Text
- •Grammar Presentation
- •Grammar Presentation Герундий (The Gerund)
- •Перевод герундия на русский язык
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •Learning English Abroad
- •Words you may need
- •Words and word combinations you may need
- •In England:
- •In Russia:
- •2. Are any of the sentences in 1 true for you or yt»ur friends? to admit
- •1. Answer these questions:
- •2. Discuss the questions with jour partner, few
- •1. Complete these sentences witlu/еь'. A jew, many, much, Hale, a little, a lot of.
- •Vocabulary List
- •Comprehension
- •1 Read Text в and give answers to the questions.
- •Grammar Presentation Модальный глагол should
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •I Любимцем
- •1. Translate into English:
- •3. Docs your university hold scientific conferences for students? If yes, comment on students' attendance.
- •Vocabulary List
- •Comprehension
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •1. Answer these questions:
- •2. "Translate into English:
- •Defining Economics
- •Read for More Information
- •Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary.
- •Economics and Its Great Man
- •Grammar Revision Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
- •Words you may need
- •Activities
- •2. Asking the way
- •Role-play
- •Youth is the Prime Time of Life
- •Vocabulary List
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary List
- •Unit 2
- •I. Income and Spending
- •II. The Nation's Economy
- •I. Income and Spending
- •Vocabulary List
- •Income and Spending
- •I. Income and Spending
- •Comprehension
- •Grammar Presentation
- •I. Income and Spending
- •I. Income and Spending
- •Income, to get/to spend income Translate into English.
- •1. Income and Spending
- •Vocabulary List Text в Personal Expenditure
- •I. Income and Spending
- •Comprehension
- •Причастие (The Participle)
- •Формы причастия
- •I. Income and Spending
- •1. Income and Spending
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •1. Income and Spending
- •1. Translate into Russian:
- •2. Comment on 2), 5), 6).
- •1. 'IVanslate into Russian:
- •2. Comment on Die above statements.
- •Text с Income Distribution
- •I. Income and Spending
- •Vocabulary List
- •Comprehension
- •1 Read Text с and give answers to the questions.
- •Grammar Presentation
- •I. Income and Spending
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •Income distribution
- •Consumer Society
- •I. Income and Spending
- •Read for More Information
- •Explain the role of goldsmiths in the appearance of banknotes.
- •History of Money
- •Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary.
- •Translate the italicised sentence in writing.
- •Say what macroeconomics deals with. Macroeconomics
- •Grammar Revision
- •I. Income and Spending
- •Activities
- •Role-play Personal Budget
- •What Shall We Do Tonight?
- •Text On British Economy
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary List
- •The Nation's Economy
- •Interview with the Economist
- •Note on the Text
- •Role-play
- •L. Business and Government
- •II. The Budget. Taxes
- •Note on the Text
- •Vocabulary List
- •1 Read Test a and give answers to the questions.
- •Употребление инфинитива Фирмы инфинитива
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •In a Library
- •1. Translate into Russian:
- •I. Now say what you know about demand and supply.
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Make up sentences of your own using:
- •Factors That Affect Price
- •Vocabulary List
- •Grammar Presentation
- •Present Continuous
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •1. Translate into English:
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •1. Study the illustrative sentences and translate them into Russian:
- •1. 'Translate into English:
- •Words you may need
- •Note on the Text
- •Vocabulary List
- •Comprehension
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •2. Лпчжт these questions:
- •1. Translate into Russian:
- •2. Develop 1) and 8).
- •The us Economic Sjstem
- •Read for More Information
- •Monopolies
- •How can monopolies be broken up? Competition
- •Renting a Car
- •Social English Booking Airline Tickets
- •Activities
- •At a Railway Station
- •Activities
- •Checking in at a hotel
- •Role-play
- •Imagine that students in an international student club are discussing lifestyles and living standards in their countries.
- •Text a The Budget
- •Text в Taxes
- •Vocabulary List
- •Comprehension Questions
- •Exercises
- •B) Taxation
- •C) Factors of Production
- •Starting a Career Text a Starting a Career
- •Unit 4
- •The Financial System
- •Comprehension
- •Vocabulary List
- •Grammar Presentation
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •What professional qualifications, skills and personal characteristics should people in these jobs have?
- •Requirements:
- •McKinsey & Company is a leading international management
- •Technological and operating issues
- •If you meet these requirements,
- •2. Think of situations hi which you can use the above word combinations.
- •2. Do you agree with points 2) and 4)?
- •Interest; to be of interest, to arouse interest, to show an interest, to have (an) interest, to express (an) interest, to lose interest
- •1. Translate into Russian.
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •I» Complete the expressions using one verb for column л and one verb for column в and say who in your family makes/does the things.
- •Starting Work
- •Notes on the Text
- •Vocabulary List Text в The Labour Market
- •Comprehension
- •Grammar Presentation
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •Word and word combination you may need
- •1. Give derivatives of to compete. 1. Translate into English:
- •A. Office Problems
- •Text с Looking for a Job Abroad
- •Vocabulary List
- •Speech Patterns
- •Comprehension
- •2. Find in the text the sentence:
- •Grammar Presentation
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •What do people regret most often?
- •1. Translate into Russian;
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •Into Russian:
- •A Chronological Resume
- •Job Interview
- •Word and word combination you may need
- •Social English
- •Activities
- •Role-play Job Opportunities
- •Note on the Texl
- •Vocabulary List
- •Comprehension Questions
- •Text в The Stock Exchange
- •Note on the Text
- •Vocabulary List
- •Comprehension Questions
- •Exercises
- •Note on the Text
- •A) The Central Banking System
- •B) The us Treasury
- •Unit 5
- •Text a Business Communication
- •Notes on the Text
- •Vocabulary List
- •Comprehension
- •Grammar Presentation Инфинитив в составе оборота
- •To announce to know
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •I. Business Communication
- •1. 'Irynskitc into Russian:
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •2. Translate info English:
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •I. Make your own sentences with the words which are frequently used wilh to draw up in the meaning "to prepare and write something" such as a document or a plan:
- •1. Answer these questions:
- •Words you may need
- •Text в Business Letter Writing Structure of a Business Letter
- •1. The letterhead
- •2. The date
- •3. Addressee's name and address
- •Courtesy titles
- •12. ЛюЬимцеоа
- •4. The salutation
- •5. The message
- •6. The complimentary close
- •7. Signature
- •Vocabulary List
- •Comprehension
- •Как читать цифры и числа (How to Read Figures and Numbers)
- •1. Даты
- •2. Номера телефонов и факсов
- •3. Цифра "о"
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •The Internet in Russia
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •Text с
- •Notes on the Text
- •Vocabulary List
- •Grammar Presentation Наклонение (The Mood)
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •2. Translate into English paying attention to except and besides,
- •Memorandum
- •Read for More Information
- •Write out from the text the sentences containing the passive voice. Explain the use of the forms.
- •Form verbs from the following nouns:
- •B. How to Report я Meeting
- •Look up (lie words you do not know in the dictionary.
- •Fill each gap with a suitable word from ihe box.
- •Form nouns from the following verbs: м want, lo work, to aintrol, to use, to limit, to pay, in cover, to trade, to buy, to call.
- •Organising a Business
- •Interview with the Chairman
- •Activities
- •Role-play
- •The Lochshell Company ltd Minutes
- •Text Accounting and Auditing
- •Note on the Text
- •1 II is the process of capturing, processing, and communicating financial information.
- •Vocabulary List
- •Exercises
- •Accounting: Changes and Prospects
- •209 Unit 6
- •II. World Trends. Globalisation
- •Vocabulary List
- •Text a Modern World Economy
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •The Multinational Enterprise
- •Word and word combination you may need
- •I. The World We Live In
- •Vocabulary List
- •Grammar Presentation
- •Производные слова
- •Составные слова
- •1. Составные существительные:
- •2. Составные прилагательные:
- •1. Translate into Russian. Comment on 1), 2), 3).
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •Words you may need
- •Interact V — взаимодействовать stream n — поток solid adj — твердый
- •Vocabulary List
- •Grammar Presentation
- •Grammar Presentation
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •1. Answer the questions. Ask your classmates what they think about 2) and 3).
- •«Признавать»
- •Words you may need
- •Computers in Education
- •Inhabitant n - житель
- •Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary.
- •Fill each gap with a suitable word from the box.
- •Do you agree that computers pose a challenge?
- •Words and word combinations you may need
- •Find conditional sentences in the text. What types are they?
- •Economics and the Consumer Society
- •Activities
- •Role-play
- •Text a
- •Vocabulary List
- •The Global Economy
- •Scarcity
- •Role-play
- •I. The Social Profile and State Structure
- •II. International Organisations
- •Vocabulary List
- •Comprehension
- •Grammar Presentation
- •(Продолжение)
- •2 (It не: one second) 4
- •Математические действия (Mathematical Operations)
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •1. Give English equivalents to:
- •2. Answer the questions.
- •6 Billionth Baby Born, But Birth Rale Slowing
- •5 Million Citizens
- •The British State System
- •Notes on the Text
- •Vocabulary List
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •Local Government
- •Words you may need
- •Vocabulary List
- •Comprehension
- •Grammar and Lexis
- •Words and word combination you may need
- •Translate the italicised sentence, underline the subject of Ihe sentence with one line and the predicate with two lines.
- •Explain (in writing) why America was and remains a mobile nation.
- •Pick out the sentences describing the American Dream. American Population
- •Great Britain
- •Word combinations you may need
- •Useful Language
- •Role-play
- •International Organisations
- •Text International Organisations
- •Notes on the Text
- •Vocabulary List
- •Comprehension Questions
- •Exercises
- •Артикль (The Article)
- •Нулевой артикль
- •Неисчисляемые сущестшггельные
- •Имя прилагательное (The Adjective)
- •Суффиксы прилагательных
- •Наречие (The Adverb) Степени сравнения наречий
- •Местоимение
- •It is on the table. Она на столе.
- •Числительное (The Numeral)
- •Местоимения much и many
- •Глагол (The Verb)
- •Основные формы неправильных глаголов
- •Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
- •Основные видо-времениые формы глагола
- •Directing the meeting and keeping order
- •Interrupting
- •Making suggestions
- •Returning to the topic
- •Expressing an opinion
- •It's Quite obvious t6 me...
- •Positive reaction
- •Mild disagreement
- •Assessing ideas (proposals, opinions)
- •.Литература
- •Начальный курс
- •214000, I. Смоленск, пр-г им. Ю. Гагарина, 2.
Comprehension
Questions
What
does
the term "globalisation" imply?
Why
is the process causing heated debate?
What
are (he obvious advantages of globalisation?
What
fears does the process arouse?
Does
globalisation have only economic consequences?
Exercises
Гог
the following Russian phrases:
развивающийся
юг;
глобализация
не
гарантирует
извлекать
пользу в равной
степени;
менее
квалифицированные
рабочие;
—
поддерживать
экономическую
стабильность;
в
интересах национальной
экономики;
изменять
образ жизни;
привыкать;
болезненные
последствия.
Ex.
22. Think of the verbs frequently used with the following nouns:
trade,
company, economy,
stability, globalisation, consequences.Vocabulary List
торговля links n — связи
bring about — приводить к чему-л. foreign direct investment — прямые иностранные инвестиции
Ex. 21. Find in the text English equivalents
— текущая тенденция;
торговля растет;
компании становятся глобаль ными;
увеличивать связи с;
вызыватьгорячиелискуссии;
— динамика рабочих мест;
- передача технологий;
— снижение торговых барьероп;
- расширять применение меж дународных стандартов;
— сила, вызывающая социаль ные изменения;
- лромышленно-раэвитнй север
technology transfer — передача техно
логии
benefit v — приносить выгоду human rights — права человека market forces - рыночные силы prosperity и — процветание destruction n - уничтожение be accustomed (to) — привыкать к
чему-л.
painful adj — болезненный consequences n — последствия
Ex. 23. a) Read the text and translate it into Russian, b) What is your attitude to transnational corporations?
The Global Economy
Of all the processes of globalisation the advances made in the economic and technological areas have been most noticeable.
Recent years have seen the creation of a global system ofproduction. The main agcni of the system is the transnational corporation (TNC). The phenomenon of a company having manufacturing branches abroad has been around for a long time.
The American firm Singer opened a factory to manufacture sewing machines in Scotland as early as 1878. Oil fields in Baku and coal mines in the Donbass were developed in the early years of the 20"' century by Russian entrepreneurs and European capitalists as well.
There are today some 40,000 transnational corporations. They account for approximately 40 per cent of the world's industrial output.
Quite often, the TNCs come in for criticism for using cheaper labour available in developing countries, where they build environmentally harmful production facilities, and for crowding domestic products out of the local markets. At the same time, however, the TNCs bring with them investment, employment, new technologies, and modem management and marketing experience, with which the goods manufactured in a particular country can be more easily sold on the world market.
come in for criticism - подвергаться
критике crowd smth out — вытеснять
noticeable adj - заметный phenomenon n — явление, феномен sewing machine — швейная машина
Ex. 24. Match the infinitives in Awith the nouns in B. A B
to create a branch
to increase stability
to have coal mines
to lower debate
to develop a global system
to cause production facilities
to use cheap labour
to maintain technology
to build trade barriers
to transfer links
Words and word combinations you may need
238
Unit 6
П. World Trends. Globalisation
239
Ex. 25. Say/Write about your attitude to globalisation.
• Read the Russian text "How to Render a Specialised Article" and study the illustrative example given in (he text.
Text В How to Render a Specialised Article
В процессе обучения иностранному языку у студентов должны формироваться умения и навыки, которые будут нужны им как специалистам в их будущей деятельности.
Важное место в этом процессе занимает обучение реферированию (аннотированию) профессионально-ориентированных текстов, т.е. изложению материала в более сжатом виде, в виде реферата.
Реферат — это сжатое и обобщенное изложение содержания материала в соответствии с назначением реферата и полученным заданием. Степень «сжатости» и обобщенности зависит; в первую очередь, от назначения реферата. Если реферат призван заменить сам материал, т.е. если предполагается, что по прочтении реферата ознакомление с первоисточником будет излишним, то совершенно естественно, что в таком реферате содержание материала должно быть передано с достаточной полнотой.
Вторым и не менее важным критерием требуемой полноты реферата является та аудитория, для которой этот реферат предназначается. Если реферат рассчитан на широкую аудиторию, на читателей, мало знакомых с данным вопросом, очевидно, потребуется более полный охват содержания материала. Другое дело, если реферированием обслуживается узкий круг специалистов, хорошо знакомых с данной отраслью знаний и с конкретным вопросом, которому посвящен реферируемый первоисточник. В таких случаях нет нужды в подробном изложении всего материала, и от реферата потребуется значительно большая степень сжатости и обобщенности иностранного материала. В таком реферате нужно, прежде всего, выделить все то, что является новым и существенно важным в первоисточнике.
В общем, рефераты можно подразделить на три следующие категории:
монографический реферат (по одному первоисточнику);
сводный реферат (на одну тему по нескольким источникам);
обзорный реферат (охватывающий и систематизирующий содержание одного или нескольких выпусков периодиче ского издания или сборника).
Работа над реферируемым текстом должна начинаться со знакомства с общим содержанием текста. Для написания полного и объективного реферата (что является основным требованием, предъявляемым к реферату) необходимо полное понимание реферируемого текста, его главной идеи, выводов автора. Это достигается путем тщательного перевода текста, с особым вниманием к переводу особо сложных частей текста.
При повторном чтении текста обычно выделяются так называемые ключевые фрагменты, т.е. слова, словосочетания и целые предложения, входящие в логическую цепочку текста. Это позволяет проследить развитие главных тем текста, выделить его смысловой костяк.
Следующий этап состоит в организации и, возможно, перегруппировке отобранных ключевых фрагментов с составлением логического плана текста. Причем последовательность пунктов логического плана может значительно отличаться от изложения исходного материала.
Составление реферата предусматривает возможность использования готовых ключевых фрагментов исходного текста (лексических единиц, частей или даже целых предложений). Но необходимо помнить, что работа по составлению реферата требует введения в новый текст связующих элементов, отсутствующих в оригинапе.
Основными операциями по составлению реферата являются перефразирование и обобщение смысловых элементов текста.
Характерными чертами реферата являются: констатация фактов, перечисление основных положений оригинала, выраженных однородными членами и параллельными конструкция-
240
Unit 6
II. World Trends. Globalisation
241
ми. Особо необходимо подчеркнуть, что реферат должен составляться преимущественно простыми предложениями. Число предложений должно, примерно, соответствовать числу абзацев в тексте оригинала.
Аннотация - это результат дальнейшего обобщения содержания. Чаще всего аннотация составляется на материале уже написанного реферата.
Реферирование и аннотирование профессионально-ориентированной литературы являются сложными навыками. В их основе лежит навык чтения литературы по специальности, знание специфики научной и публицистической литературы, умение узнавать типичные конструкции, понимать структуру предложений, узнавать производные и интернациональные слова.
Л теперь ознакомьтесь с возможным вариантом реферативной переработки текста A (Itxt A).
The article is entitled 'Arguing Against Globalisation Is Like Arguing Against the Law of Gravity". The author of the article raises a very important issue saying that the current trend in the development of mankind can be characterised as "globalisation". The authorsub-stantiates his statement referring to the growth of cross-border trading, the appearance of transnational corporations and international markets, and greater interdependence of national economies.
Further the author stresses the fact that the process is causing healed debate. He draws the attention of the readers to the obvious advantages of globalisation such as greater movement of jobs and capital across borders, an increase in foreign direct investment, transfer of technology, availability of global finance and elimination of trade barriers. All this will benefit businesses. The author also emphasises the positive social aspect of globalisation.
At the same time the author doesn't deny the negative consequences of globalisation. In this connection the author mentions the concern expressed by people that not all participants of the process will benefit equally from increased prosperity. More than that, for some countries globalisation will bring job destruction and lower wages particularly for less skilled workers, which may cause economic instability of the world economic system.
In conclusion the author says that globalisation means changing the way of life to which we are accustomed and it may have painful consequences.
Ex. 26. Render the article.
One \V6rld
Reading newspapers about wars, ethnic and religious conflicts one may get the impression that the world is splitting apart. It may well be true: some countries are fragmenting into smaller independent nations. At the same time, however, another phenomenon is occurring that is bringing the world closer together, one that is making it truly one world.
The trend toward one world starred back in the 1960s as the cost of transporting goods fell and, more importantly, as methods of communication became cheaper and faster. This brought about an unprecedented degree of mobility of human, financial, and physical capital, of entrepreneurship, and of entire firms.
Many countries (among them Hong-Kong and Singapore) opened their economies to international flows of trade, capital, people, and technology. Companies began looking for markets and supplies well beyond their own borders, which caused a boom in international trade.
The spread of international trade intensified with unification of Europe in the early 1990s, as well as with the development of tree trade zones in the world.
The number of multinational businesses is also growing. In any one year, the 100 largest multinational firms based in the United States now generate between $500 and $600 billion in foreign sales. They work for their shareholders scattered throughout the globe and not for their home country,
On the money side, the globalisation of financial markets has been dramatic. Financial markets have formed one big international capital pool whose home is a worldwide computer network that never sleeps, with the buying and selling of foreign currencies 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
There is even a worldwide stock market. Foreigners can own British securities firms and gain admission to the London Stock Exchange. The same is true in Germany and France. Tokyo opened the doors to foreign membership on its stock exchange in 1988.
Globalisation is not limited to business and economy.
Mankind has realised the danger of ecological problems. The sense of collective responsibility for the ecological safely on our planet is growing.
16. him .vu.-i.:
242
Unit 6
Due to the development of The media globalisation has embraced culture. The world is being integrated culturally and linguistically, television becoming the most important force for globalisation.
With the increased globalisation, however, problems have come.
Those countries willing to participate in the global economy - to let goods, capital, technology, people, and ideas flow in and out - share in the worldwide advance in knowledge and prosperity, But at the same time, "going global" undermines the very sovereignty of nations, countries lose their national identities.
Globalisation affects the labour market, causes the worldwide division of have and have-not countries, it may create large income disparities.
Ex. 27. Translate the text into Russian and analyse grammatical and lexical problems of the translation with >ш г teacher.
